Microbiology-For Exam 5

Front 1

immune system

Back 1

complex array of defensive measures

Front 2

the different elements of the immune system communicate via...

Back 2

1. soluble molecules
2. direct cell to cell interaction

Front 3

pluripotential stem cell

Back 3

all blood cells are generated from this common stem cell in the marrow

Front 4

erythrocytes

Back 4

remain within the blood vessels and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin

Front 5

white blood cells

Back 5

the migratory cells of the body's protective system

Front 6

platelets (thrombocytes)

Back 6

not entire cells but detached fragments derived from the cortical cytoplasm of large cells called megakaryocytes
assist with clotting

Front 7

megakaryocytes

Back 7

large cells that break of fragments into platelets

Front 8

hematopoiesis

Back 8

the formation of red and white blood cells from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

Front 9

PPSC differentiates along one of two pathways give rise to either...

Back 9

1. lymphoid stem cell
2. myeloid stem cell

Front 10

lymphoid and myeloid stem cells differentiate into..

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progenitor cells

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progenitor cells

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have lost the capacity for self renewal and are committed to a given cell lineage

Front 12

lymphoid stems cells generate:

Back 12

T and B progenitor lymphocytes and natural killer cells

Front 13

myelod stem cells generate:

Back 13

progenitor cells for rbc, various wbc, mast cells, and platelets

Front 14

growth factors (cytokines)

Back 14

regulate the growth and differentiation of lymphoid and myeloid stem cells

Front 15

stromal cells

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connective tissue cells

Front 16

WBC classified in three ways

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1. shape of nucleus
2. presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules
3. type of defense function

Front 17

granulocytes

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-all contain numerous lysosomes and granules and are subdivided into the three classes based on morphology and staining properties of these organelles

Front 18

3 types of granulocytes

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1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils

Front 19

eosinophils pick up ____ stain and appear_____

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acidic, red

Front 20

basophil granules pick up ______ stain and appear _____

Back 20

basic, blue

Front 21

neutrophils ______ stain

Back 21

do not pick up any stain very well

Front 22

neutrophil granules contain...

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lysosomal enzymes that id in killing microrganisms that have been engulfed

Front 23

basophil granules contain...

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histamines that help mediate the inflammatory response

Front 24

polymorphonuclear

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the maturing granulocyte nucleus transforms from a round structure to a segmented structure that takes on many shapes, held together by chromatin

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agranulocytes

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wbc that do not have specific staining granules in cytoplasm
-monocytes (macrophages) and lymphocytes

Front 26

total wbc count used?

Back 26

to evaluate a patient for the diagnosis or prognosis of an abnormal condition

Front 27

leukocytosis

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increase in the number of circulating wbc

Front 28

leukopenia

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reduction in the number of circulating wbc

Front 29

innate immunity

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refers to basic resistance to a disease that an individual is born with

Front 30

adaptive immunity

Back 30

response of antigen specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory

Front 31

innate immunity is present...

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at all times, does not increase with repeated exposure, and does not discriminate between pathogens

Front 32

components of innate immunity

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anatomic barriers
physiologic barriers
inflammation
phagocytosis

Front 33

body's first line of defense

Back 33

skin and mucous membrane

Front 34

mucous membranes line...

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the gi, respiratory, and genitourinary tract

Front 35

mucous membranes consist of..

Back 35

epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue layer

Front 36

mucous membranes offer ____ than the skin

Back 36

less protection

Front 37

goblet cells

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cells in the epithelial layer of mucous membrane that secrete and viscous fluid which prevents the tract from drying out, also entraps foreign microorganisms that enter respiratory and gi tracts

Front 38

cilia

Back 38

cover mucous membrane cells of lower respiratory tract, propel inhaed dust and microorganisms up to throat to be swallowed

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urethra

Back 39

cleansed by urine to prevent microbial colonization

Front 40

normal flora

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nonpathogenic organisms that colonize epithelial membranes of mucous surfaces, outcompete for attachment sites or secrete bacteriotocins

Front 41

physiologic barriers that contribute to innate immunity:

Back 41

temperature
pH
oxygen tension
various soluble factors

Front 42

temperature

Back 42

many species are not susceptible to certain diseases due to the fact that their body temperature inhibits pathogen growth

Front 43

fever

Back 43

the most frequent cause in infection from bacteria, respons inhibits growth of some pathogens

Front 44

Low pH

Back 44

gastric juice, high acidity, destroys many viruses, bacteria and most bacterial toxins

Front 45

One reasons newborns are susceptible to diseases that do not affect adults...

Back 45

stomach contents are less acid

Front 46

The 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

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1. redness
2. swelling
3. heat
4. pain

Front 47

Fifth sign of inflammation added 2nd century AD

Back 47

loss of function

Front 48

microvasculature consists of

Back 48

afferent arterioles, capillary networks, efferent venules

Front 49

inflammatory response occurs mostly at the level of...

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capillary and post capillary venules

Front 50

vasodilation

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an increase in the diameter of blood vessels

Front 51

why does vasodilation occur?

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the blood vessel carrying blood away from affected area constricts, resulting in engorgement of capillary network

Front 52

engorged capillaries are responsible for?

Back 52

tissue redness and an increase in tissue temperature

Front 53

capillary permeability

Back 53

is increased due to a retraction of the endothelial cells, allows plasma/plasma proteins to reach site of infection, contributes to edema

Front 54

influx of phagocytes

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facilitated by increased permeability of capillary venules

Front 55

earliest phagocytes in inflammatory response

Back 55

neutrophils

Front 56

phagocytes predominant in later stages of inflammation

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monocytes and lymphocytes

Front 57

histamine

Back 57

principal mediator of immune system
-released by basophils and mast cells in response to tissue injury

Front 58

histamine binds to ______ causing _______

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to receptors on capillaries/venules causing vasodilation and increased permeability

Front 59

Other mediators (not including histamine)

Back 59

prostaglandins, complement proteins, bradykinin, LPS

Front 60

phagocytosis

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the internalization of particulate matter such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, etc by "professional" phagocytes

Front 61

Steps of phagocytosis

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-leukocytes adhere to vascular endothelium and extravasation
-chemotaxis and membrane attachment
-engulfment and ingestion of microorganisms
-intravascular killing and digestion of microorganisms

Front 62

What percentage are neutrophils of WBC?

Back 62

40-70

Front 63

How long does it take bone marrow to produce mature neutrophil?

Back 63

3-5 days

Front 64

band neutrophil

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immature neutrophil with a horse shoe shaped nucleus without segmentation

Front 65

What do band neutrophils indicate?

Back 65

disease that is winning
and increased demand for neutrophils beyond what the bone marrow can supply

Front 66

How long is a neutrophil in circulation before entering tissues?

Back 66

4-8 hours

Front 67

once a neutrophil enters tissue...

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it does not return to circulatory system

Front 68

How long do neutrophils live?

Back 68

4-5 days in tissue

Front 69

What are two neutrophil pools in blood?

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circulating and marginal

Front 70

circulating neutrophil pool

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-contained in blood flowing through vessels
-located in lumen of vessel
-normal range of neutrophil numbers in peripheral blood based on this pool

Front 71

marginal pool

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-composed of neutrophils that line the walls of small blood vessels
-are not circulating
-not contained in blood samples for lab analysis

Front 72

Factors that control neutrophil count

Back 72

-release of mature neutrophils from bone marrow storage
-rate of escape into tissue
-increased production from PPSCs

Front 73

Bone marrow usually has _____ supply of mature neutrophils

Back 73

5 day

Front 74

neutrophilia

Back 74

increase in number of circulating neutrophils, will also cause leukocytosis

Front 75

neutropenia

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reduction in number of circulating neutrophils, also causing leukopenia, prognosis poor for ill animals, means disease is winning

Front 76

lactoferrin

Back 76

chelates iron and prevents some bacteria from obtaining,
present in neutrophils

Front 77

phagosome

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membrane bound vesicle created by neutrophil containing invading organism

Front 78

phagolysosome

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phagosome fuses with lysosomal granules of neutrophil exposing trapped organism to molecules that aid in digestion

Front 79

What percentage of WBC are monocytes?

Back 79

5-6

Front 80

What are the largest WBC?

Back 80

monocytes

Front 81

Total monocyte development time

Back 81

24-36 hours

Front 82

Time monocytes circulate in blood

Back 82

10-20 hours

Front 83

Unlike neutrophils, tissue macrophages are _________

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long lived cells

Front 84

monocytosis

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an increased number of monocytes in peripheral blood
-often associated with chronic inflammatory condition

Front 85

monocytopenia

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decreased number of monocytes in peripheral blood

Front 86

Functions of macrophages

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-ingest foreign substances
-clean up cellular debris after inflammation/infection clears up
-process and present protein antigens to helper T cells
-secrete more than 100 products

Front 87

Some products macrophages secrete

Back 87

clotting factors, complement proteins, angiogenesis factor, prostaglandins

Front 88

What percentage of WBC count are eosinophils?

Back 88

5% or less

Front 89

How long does it take eosinophils to mature in bone marrow?

Back 89

2-6 days

Front 90

Half life of eosinophils in tissues?

Back 90

12 days

Front 91

eosinophilia

Back 91

increased numbers of eosinophils in blood
-associated withe allergy reactions and certain parasite infections

Front 92

eosionpenia

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decreased numbers of eosinophils in peripheral blood

Front 93

Functions of eosinophils

Back 93

-minimal phagocytic and bacteriocidal functions
-not protective against bacterial
-destroy some helminth parasites
-modulate allergic inflammatory response

Front 94

What factors of allergic reaction to eosinophils contribute to?

Back 94

vasodilation, brochoconstriction, mucus production

Front 95

What proinflammatory factors do eosinophils secrete?

Back 95

platelet activating factor, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

Front 96

Characteristics of basophils

Back 96

-WBCs least found in circulation
-2-3 lobed nucleus
-granules contain histamine and heparin

Front 97

Percentage of basophils in WBC count?

Back 97

least, .5 -1%

Front 98

Characteristics of NK cells

Back 98

-part of innate immune response
-lacks an antigen receptor, does not differentiate
-kill some type of tumor cells and virus infected cells

Front 99

adaptive immune response

Back 99

the response of antigen specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory

Front 100

Characteristics of adaptive immune response

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-antigenic specificity
-diversity-
-immunologic memory
-self/non self recognition

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antigenic specificity

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lymphocytes can distinguish subtle differences between two molecules that differ by only a single amino acid

Front 102

diversity

Back 102

recognize billions of uniquely different structures on foreign antigens

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immunologic memory

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remembers a pathogen and mounts a more effective and rapid response should the individual or animal become reinfected with the same pathogen at a later date

Front 104

self/nonself recognition

Back 104

normally only responds to foreign antigens

Front 105

antigen

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induce a specific immune response, initiator and driving force for all adaptive immune responses

Front 106

antigenic determinants or epitopes

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discrete sites on antigen recognized by B and T lymphocytes

Front 107

epitopes

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immunologically active regions on a complex antigen that actually bind to T or B receptors, antigen can have several different

Front 108

central (primary) lymphoid organs

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regulate production and maturation of lymphocytes from lymphoid stem cells, generate lymphocytes that are individually different

Front 109

mammal primary lymphoid organis

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bone marrow, thymus

Front 110

avian primary lymphoid

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bursa of fabricius, thymus

Front 111

Two subpopulations of T cells

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T helper cells (TH) and cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

Front 112

TH cells express

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CD4 membrane glycoproteins

Front 113

Tc cells express

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CD8 membrane glycoproteins

Front 114

T cells mature in the ?

Back 114

thymus

Front 115

B cells mature in the?

Back 115

bone marrow

Front 116

T cell receptor

Back 116

unique antigen binding receptor on the t cell membrane

Front 117

memory T cells or effector cells

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arise when naive t cell encounters an antige with a MHC molecule on the cell

Front 118

MHC Complex

Back 118

complex of genes found in all mammals that encode cell surface MHC molecules

Front 119

MHC molecules responsible for ?

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1. the rapid rejection of grafts between individuals
2. antigen presentation to T cells

Front 120

Class I MHC molecules

Back 120

bind to peptides derived from cytosolic proteins (endogenous antigens) and present them to cytotoxic T cells

Front 121

Class II MHC cells

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bind to peptides derived from extracellular antigens (exogenous antigens) that are internalized by professional antigen presenting cells and present them to helper T cells

Front 122

T Helper cells

Back 122

-can only recognize protein antigen that is displayed with MHC class II molecules

Front 123

APCs distinguished by

Back 123

-express class II MHC molecules on their membrane
-able to deliver a costimulatory signal that is necessary for TH cells activation

Front 124

APC population made up of...

Back 124

macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells

Front 125

Effector TH cells

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secrete the cytokines that play role in activating B cells, Tc cells, macrophages and various other cells that participate in immune response

Front 126

Memory TH cells

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account for increased and accelerated response on subsequent exposure to the same antigen

Front 127

antigenically committed

Back 127

mature B cells have identical antibody specificity for antigen

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humoral immunity

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immunity that can be conferred on a non immune individual by administration of serum antibodies from an immune individual

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B cells combat extracellular pathogens and toxins by releasing......

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antibodies

Front 130

plasma cells

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do not express membrane bound antibody, instead produce antibody in form that can be excreted

Front 131

Memory B cells

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express membrane bound antibody with the same specificity and the original naive parent B cell, but have a longer life span

Front 132

antibodies

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plasma proteins secreted by plasma cells in response to antigenic stimulation of navie B cells

Front 133

basic structure of antibody molecule

Back 133

2 identical heavy polypeptide chains and 2 identical light polypeptide chains, chains held together by disulfide bond

Front 134

variable regions

Back 134

amino terminal ends of each pair of heavy and light chains

Front 135

5 antibody classes

Back 135

IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, IgD

Front 136

IgM

Back 136

-made during first exposure to an antigen
-first antibody made by newborns
-large size, mostly confined to bloodstream

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IgG

Back 137

-made when animal has been exposed to antigen for a long time or the second time

Front 138

IgA

Back 138

-predominant antibody in secretions
-plays important role in preventing diseases by organisms that may enter through mucosal surfaces

Front 139

IgE

Back 139

associated with anaphylactic reactions

Front 140

IgD

Back 140

function is largely unknown

Front 141

Ways antibodies can eliminate antigens

Back 141

-cross link the antigen forming clusters that are readily phagocytosed
-binding can activate complement system, resulting in lysis of foreign organism
-neutralize bacterial toxins or viral particles by coating them and preventing binding to host cells

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1 response

Back 142

induced by first antigen encounter by naive B cell

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2 response

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faster and stronger response to B cell exposure to same antigen

Front 144

Lag time for 1 response

Back 144

5-7 days

Front 145

Lag phase in 2 response

Back 145

1-3 days

Front 146

Antibody levels to 1 response peak at day....

Back 146

14

Front 147

cell mediated immunity

Back 147

host immune responses that are mediated by antigen specific T cells and various non specific cells
protects against intracellular bacteria, viruses and tumors
-responsible for graft rejection

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cytotoxic t cells

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destroy virus infected cells, tumor cells, and cells of foreign tissue graft

Front 149

endogenous antigen

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antigen produced with host itself
-like virus proteins produced by viral infected host cells

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Passing honors between ships, consists of standing at _________ and rendering the ________salute by all persons in view on deck and not in ranks. (only between navy and CG ships is this done)

Back 150

Attention
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