Microbiology Final Study Cards For Alvin Shellhammer

Front 1

Name three things that describe the DNA of cellular organisms.

Back 1

1. double stranded helix
2. contains A, C, T, G

3. contain hydrogen bonds

Front 2

The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows in what direction starting with DNA?

Back 2

from DNA to RNA to Protein

Front 3

In ???? Polymerase uses a DNA template to make multiple copies of DNA that integrates into the chromosomes of host cells.

Back 3

Retroviruses

Front 4

What is nutrient agar an example of?

Back 4

a complex solid medium

Front 5

What occurs bi-directionally producing leading strand and lagging strand in a semi-conservative manner that results in two daughter DNA molecules?

Back 5

DNA replication

Front 6

What is the type of RNA that serves as the "rewritten message encoded in the DNA?

Back 6

mRNA

Front 7

What are the two types of codons that signal for the initiation and termination of translation?

Back 7

Start codon, Stop codon

Front 8

The first amino acid of translation is always which amino acid?

Back 8

Methionine

(met)

Front 9

What is the difference in oxygen needs between an obligate anaerobe and a facultative anaerobe?

Back 9

Obligate Anaerobe will die in the presence of oxygen.

Facultative anaerobe can survive with or without oxygen

Front 10

Why can mesophiles be a significant problem in the medical industry, especially with regard to pathogenic bacteria?

Back 10

Because they thrive at a temperature of 15 to 45 degrees celsius and 37 degrees celsius is body temp.

Front 11

When lactose is present, the lac operon is always "on" so that lactose can be broken down. Describe a condition where this statement is not nescessarily always true.

Back 11

If glucose is also present

Front 12

Give the properly presented genus name and specific epithet for the gram positive obligately anaerobic, endospore forming bacterium responsible for gas gangrene. Given that this is also a rod-shaped bacterium, give the technical name for its cellular morphology.

Back 12

Genus name and specific epithet- Clostridium perfringens,

Cellular morphology- Bacillus

Front 13

What is the name given to the region of the tryp operon that weakens the ability of the RNA polymerase to transcribe the genes necessary for making tryptophan?

Back 13

Attenuation

Front 14

What kind of mutation does UV light cause?

Back 14

thymine dimer

Front 15

Explain why frameshift mutation can be very detrimental to a cell:

Back 15

Changes entire sequence of codons and greatly alters amino acid sequence; can introduce terminator codon and produce useless polypeptides instead of normal proteins

Front 16

List two criteria for determining if a mutation causes a change in the phenotype of note.

Back 16

chemical agents and radiation

Front 17

What is an example of microbes that include acellular agents that cause diseases, such as measles and influenza?

Back 17

Viral Pathogens that infect cells and destroy them

Front 18

What are the names of the two domains of prokaryotes

Back 18

Archaea and Bacteria

Front 19

What are two examples of 2 types of optical microscopes that would typically be used in microbiology lab?

Back 19

Dark field and bright field

Front 20

Bacteria reproduce by what process?

Back 20

binary fission

Front 21

Who contributed to the field of microbiology by using simple microscopes for viewing microorgansims that he called anamacules?

Back 21

Antoine van Leeuwehoek

Front 22

What is the primary reason for the Bubonic Plague's expansion into early European populations is?

Back 22

International trade and travel increased allowing foreigners to transmit infections

Front 23

An unknown bacterial species has just gone through the Gram Stain procedure. If all of the bacteria stained pink after application of Safranin, one would conclude that the bacteria are either?

1. Gram -

2. Gram +

Back 23

Gram -

Front 24

Light having a shorter wavelength, such as red light, will provide better resolution of bacteria than will light of longer wavelength, such as bluelight, when used as a light source for what type of microscope?

Back 24

Compound optical microscope

Front 25

Are flagella and cilia used as extracellular structures by bacteria?

Back 25

No - Flagella are used as extracellular motile structures by many bacteria. Cilia is not used by bacteria

Front 26

What states that living organisms ranging from unicellular microorganisms to multicellular animals can arise from non-existing living cells

Back 26

The theory of spontaneous generation

Front 27

Is is true that when light of a certain wavelength interacts with an object or organism in a medium, the resulting light emitted fluoresces in such a way as to produce light of a different wavelength that appears to glow

Back 27

Yes it is true

Front 28

What is the ability to see parts of an image, such as two objects close together, as clear, discrete points using an optical system?

Back 28

Resolution

Front 29

What is the illumination of the background of a microscopic sample?

Back 29

Bright Field Microscopy

Front 30

What is the use of stains and dyes to distinguish cells from their background?

Back 30

Contrast

Front 31

What is it called when light waves bend around the edge of an object, such as the edge of a bacterial cell

Back 31

diffraction

Front 32

What is the bending of light waves as they pass from one medium to another called?

Back 32

Refraction

Front 33

What is the ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together called?

Back 33

Resolution

Front 34

Briefly describe the differences and similarities between the experiments of Francesco Redi and those of Louis Pasteur

Back 34

Francesco Redi's Experiment- one jar, had no oxygen(air)

Louis Pasteur's Experiment- allowed air to reach the broth in.

Similarities- Both stopped any microorganisms from getting to them.

Pasteurs experiment disproved spontaneous generation

Front 35

What is an example of microbes that include acellular, agents that cause diseases, such as Ebola and influenza?

Back 35

Viral Pathogens that infect cells and destroy them

Front 36

What are the names of the two domains of prokaryotes?

Back 36

Archaea and Bacteria

Front 37

What are two optical microscopes that would typically be used in a microbiology lab?

Back 37

Dark field and bright field

Front 38

Bacteria reproduce by what process?

Back 38

binary fission

Front 39

What person contributed to the field of microbiology by developing methods for isolating pure cultures of bacterial pathogens and correlating causative agents with specific diseases?

Back 39

Robert Koch

Front 40

Besides the importance to human health, why is it important to study microbiology?

Back 40

Because Microorganisms provide insight into life processes of all life forms.

Front 41

Although interesting to botanists,_____ are not typically studied in microbiology

Back 41

plants

Front 42

A primary reason for bubonic plague's expansion into early European populations is that European populations:

Back 42

Fled to other regions, taking with them the vectors that carried the diseases.

Front 43

What are a means of motility for some bacteria?

Back 43

Flagella

Front 44

What does the theory of spontaneous generation state?

Back 44

Life can arise from non-living materials without any pre-existing life

Front 45

Louis Pasteur contributed to the field of microbiology by doing what?

Back 45

He developed a vaccine for rabies

Front 46

What is Contrast?

Back 46

the use of dyes to stain cells so as to distinguish them from their background

Front 47

What is the name for a spherical shaped bacteria?

Back 47

Cocci

Front 48

What is an arrangement of bacteria that means arranged in chains?

Back 48

Strepto

Front 49

What does the endosymbiotic theory explain?

Back 49

The origin of Eukaryotes

Front 50

What is a rod-shaped bacteria called?

Back 50

Bacilli

Front 51

What is the correct sequence of steps starting with Glycolysis?

Back 51

Glycolysis, Formation of acetyl coenzyme A(transition), Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain

Front 52

What event produces the most ATP?

Back 52

Chemiosmosis coupled with electron transport

Front 53

What is anabolism?

Back 53

the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones using ATP as an energy source

Front 54

What is an example of an obligately anaerobic rod-shaped bacterial genus that produces endospores?

Back 54

Clostridium

Front 55

This will not be consumed in a chemical reaction

Back 55

Enzyme

Front 56

What term describes an enzyme without it constituent cofactors?

Back 56

apoenzyme

Front 57

Catabolism is the breakdown of larger molecules in smaller molecules called what?

Back 57

monomers

Front 58

What kind of bacterial cell is penicillin most effective on active cell wall production?

Back 58

Gram positive bacterial cells

Front 59

During binary fission, the______ divides.

Back 59

bacterial cell

Front 60

During binary fission, the DNA must be "copied" during a process called what?

Back 60

replication

Front 61

What divides by budding?

Back 61

Yeasts

Front 62

What two macromolecules were originally thought to be complex enough to contain the genetic code?

Back 62

proteins and nucleic acids

Front 63

If a cell needs more of the amino acid aspartic acid, the mRNA for an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of aspartic acid would be produced by what?

Back 63

transcription

Front 64

In order to obtain a viable count of a bacterial population, one would need to do what?

Back 64

pour plates of various dilutions of the bacterial culture

Front 65

A bacterial cell must double its components before starting to divide. While "gearing up" for cell division, the bacterial cells in a culture medium demonstrate a period of time referred to as:

Back 65

lag phase

Front 66

Transcription and translation in prokaryotic cells take place where?

Back 66

in the cytoplasm

Front 67

In certain microbial agents information in the cell can flow both from DNA to RNA and from RNA to DNA. Flow of information from RNA to DNA is called:

Back 67

reverse transcription

Front 68

Endospore formation occurs in which two medically important genera?

Back 68

Bacillus and Clostridium

Front 69

The compound light microscope can be to observe:

Back 69

Bacteria, cell organelles, and red blood cells

Front 70

What is resolution and why is it important in microscopy?

Back 70

Resolution is the ability to see two items with separate in discrete units in this closely related to the wavelength of light used

Front 71

Define and contrast absorption, reflection, transmission, and refraction. Identify each on the following diagram

Back 71

Absorption occurs when light rays neither pass through their balance off an object that are taken up by the object reflection occurs when light rays strike in August and bounce back off the object into our eyes transmission occurs when light rays pass through an object. refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another of different density.

Front 72

Bright Field Microscopy

Back 72

the illumination of the background of a microscopic sample

Front 73

What is Contrast

Back 73

The use of stains and dyes to distinguish cells from their background

Front 74

What is diffraction?

Back 74

When light waves bend around the edge of an object, such as the edge of a bacterial cell

Front 75

What is Refraction?

Back 75

the bending of light waves as they pass from one medium to another

Front 76

What is Resolution?

Back 76

the ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together

Front 77

What is the Lag Phase?

Back 77

organisms do not increase significantly in number, but they are metabolically active-- growing in size, synthesizing enzymes, and incorporating various molecules from the medium. The individual organims increase in size, and they produce large quantities of energy in the form of ATP.

Front 78

What happens in Log Phase?

Back 78

organisms divide at their most rapid rate--- a regular, genetically determined interval called the generation time. The population of organisms double in each generation time.

Front 79

What happens in the stationary phase?

Back 79

Cell division decreases to the point that new cells are produced at the same rate as old cells die, the number of live cells stays constant.

Front 80

What happens in the decline(death)phase?

Back 80

As conditions in the medium become less and less supportive of cell division, many cells lose their ability to divide, and thus the cells die

Front 81

How many kingdoms are there, and what are their names?

Back 81

5; Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Monera

Front 82

What are the Eukaryotes out of all the kingdoms?

Back 82

Monera

Front 83

What are the kingdoms in Haeckel's classification system?

Back 83

Plantae, Protista, Animalia

Front 84

What other scientists kingdoms did whittaker's 5 kingdom system include?

Back 84

Aristotle's 2 kingdoms and Haeckel's 3 kingdoms

Front 85

How many domains are there, and what are their names?

Back 85

3, Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Front 86

How are envelopes commonly acquired by virus particles?

Back 86

Budding through the host cell membrane

Front 87

Filament-like particles that aid in viral movement are what and what do they do?

Back 87

Glycoproteins, projections that help in viral attachments

Front 88

What components are found in All complete viral particles?

Back 88

Nucleic Acid core, protein capsid, and lipid envelope

Front 89

If a cell needs more of an amino acid, the mRNA for an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of aspartic acid would be produced by?

Back 89

transcription

Front 90

What is the technique of replica plating used for and how does it work?

Back 90

Replica plating devised by Joshua and Esther Lederberg is used to study mutations. it hypothesizes that resistance to a substance arises spontaneously and at random without the need for exposure to the substance. In the original replica plating studies, bacteria from a liquid culture were evenly spread on a moster agar plate and allowed to

Front 91

The ames test?

Back 91

based on the ability of auxotrophic bacteria to mutate by reverting to their original synthetic ability. It is used for screening chemicals for mutagenic properties, which indicate potential carcinogens

Front 92

2 tests used to study mutations

Back 92

The fluctuation test- demonstrates that resistance to chemical substances occurs spontaneously rather than being induced.

replica plating-demonstrates the spontaneous nature of mutations; it also can be used for isolating mutants without exposing them to the substance to which they are resistant

Front 93

What is heredity?

Back 93

Involves the transmission of information from an organism to its progeny

Front 94

What is a chromosome?

Back 94

Threadlike molecule of DNA, typically circular in prokaryotes

Front 95

What does phenotype mean?

Back 95

The specific characteristics displayed by an organism(what it appears to be) such as how I look

Front 96

What is a gene?

Back 96

Linear sequence of DNA that carries coded instructions for structure and function of an organism

Front 97

What are Alleles?

Back 97

Different forms of a gene found at a single location(locus)

Front 98

What is a mutation

Back 98

Permanent alteration in DNA

Front 99

What does genotype mean?

Back 99

Refers to the genetic information contain in the DNA of an organism(what it actually is)

Front 100

How many chromosomes are found in a typical bacterial cell?

Back 100

1

Front 101

What is the function of DNA ligase?

Back 101

Binds DNA sequences together to generate a continuous strand

Front 102

What is semiconservative replication

Back 102

each chromosome consists of one strand of old(parental) DNA and one of newly synthesized DNA

Front 103

What is an Anticodon?

Back 103

Three bases that are complementary to a particular mRNA codon

Front 104

What is translation?

Back 104

Production of polypeptide chain from the RNA template

Front 105

What is replication fork?

Back 105

point where the helix seperates during DNA replication

Front 106

Transcription?

Back 106

mRNA synthesized from a DNA template

Front 107

What is the okazaki fragment?

Back 107

RNA-primed, short, discontinuously synthesized DNA fragment known as the lagging strand