Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Taxonomy of Viruses |
Family names end in -viridae Genus names end in -virus |
|
|
Viral Species |
A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche. Common names are used for species. (subspecies are designated by a number) |
|
|
PAPOVAVIRIDAE |
Double-stranded DNA Non Enveloped Papillomavirus - Human Wart Virus |
|
|
Genital Warts |
-Caused by the Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) -Most common viral STI in USA -60+ antigenic types of HPV: Most common are 6,11; Cancer associated are 16,18 -Some may promote cervical cancer (Women) and throat cancer (male) -VACCINE AVAILABLE |
|
|
POXVIRIDAE |
Double-stranded DNA Enveloped viruses Smallpox (variola) Killed millions First vaccine by Edward Jenner Eradicated by vaccination |
|
|
HERPESVIRIDAE |
Double-stranded DNA -Enveloped viruses -Simplexvius (HHV1 & HHV-2) -Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) -Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8) Herpesviruses can remain latent in host cells |
|
|
Herpes |
Species can infect a variety of tissues Spread by extensive surface to surface contact (condoms less effective at prevention) 30 million cases in USA (mostly HHV-2) Infection can be latent |
|
|
Neonatal herpes |
Virus crosses the placenta and infects the developing fetus. Can cause abortion, mental retardation, or defective sight and hearing of newborn |
|
|
HEPADNAVIRIDAE |
Double-stranded DNA Enveloped viruses Hepatitis B virus REVERSE transcriptase |
|
|
Viral Hepatitis |
Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver Second most frequently reported infectious disease in the USA At least 5 viruses that cause hepatitis: HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV (B and C being major world health problems) |
|
|
Infectious hepatitis (HAV) |
HAV = RNA VIRUS (Picornaviridae) Transmission: fecal-oral route Replicates in intestines, to blood, to liver Virus is shed in feces; contaminates water and shell fish incubation period = 2-6 weeks Symptoms: fever, headache, jaundice Causes ACUTE disease, not chronic Vaccine/IG treatment is available |
|
|
HBV |
DNA Virus (Hepadnaviridae) Transmission: blood/bodily fluids Incubation period: 4-26 weeks Virus gets to liver Early symptoms: fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, then, jaundice Becomes chronic in 10% people VACCINE AVAILABLE |
|
|
Chronic infections |
Increase cancer risk >200 fold |
|
|
HCV |
RNA Virus (Flaviviridae) Similar pathology to HBV Greater incidence of chronic infection Fewer cases worldwide Greater prevalence in USA NO VACCINE |
|
|
TREATMENT for Chronic Viral Hepatitis |
For HBV and HCV: A combination therapy of the following... Nucleoside analogs (Ribavarin) Pegylated interferon Viral protease inhibitors (Telaprevir, Simeprevir) *expensive treatment |
|
|
PICORNAVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA + Strand Noneveloped Enterovirus - poliovirus Rhinovirus - common cold Hep A virus - infectious hep |
|
|
Poliovirus |
Causes Polimyelitis Picornavirus, small, naked, icosahedral RNA-contained virus Acquired through digestive system Spread via fecal-oral rout, replicates in intestinal mucosa/nasopharynx Virus is shed in feces Incubation = 10-15 days Goes from intestines to blood (viremia) |
|
|
Poliomyelitis: 4 causes of the disease |
1. Subclinical infection 2. Minor disease 3. Aseptic nonparalytic meningitis 4. Paralytic disease (only ~1%) |
|
|
Paralytic Polio |
Virus gets into CNS and lyses nerve cells Flaccid paralysis results TWO VACCINES: 1. Salk Vaccine--inactivated virus, injectes 2. Sabin Vaccine--attenuated live virus, oral |
|
|
CALICIVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA + strand Nonenveloped Hep E virus - Potential zoonotic, pig to human Norovirus - gastroenteritis (possible zoonotic, gastro intestinal illness i.e. ships, cruise, fecal/oral route) |
|
|
FLAVIVIRIDAE |
SIGNIFICANT MORTALITY Single-stranded RNA + strand Enveloped Arboviral Encephalitis: -Arboviruses are transmitted by srthropods (mosquitos). -Include: Yellow fever (no vaccine, serious flu-like symps); SLE (St. Lewis); Zika (Brazil's change in birth defects cause discovery); West Nile Viruses -Hep C Virus - NO VACCINE |
|
|
CORONAVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA + Strand Enveloped Upper respiratory infections Cornavirus: Avian populations to humans (zoonotic). Not highly transmissible person2person SARS: severe acute respiratory MERS: person to person respiration |
|
|
RHABDOVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA - Strand (one RNA strand) Lyssavirus (rabies): -100% lethal/death sentence, bites of animals/saliva -Causes disease of neural system, fast at cellular level and slow at neural (no rep) -Peripheral to CNS, spastic contractions (enough to break spine) -Loss of coordinated muscles, dementia, carnivorous animals (not domesticated ones) -Gamaglabulin shot |
|
|
FILOVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA - strand (one RNA Strand) Enveloped, helical Ebola and Marburg viruses: Rapid replication, high mortality, dramatic infections, hemmoraghic fever, lose connectivity of tissues (internal bleeding), coffee-ground vomit -NO VACCINES, simple supportive care of IV and fever reducers |
|
|
PARAMYXOVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA - Strand (one RNA strand) Childhood infection diseases Measles Mumps: infects salivary glands VACCINES AVAILABLE (therefore, low mortality rate) |
|
|
DELTAVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA - Strand (one RNA strand) Nonenveloped Hep D Virus - not capable of replicating on won, very few gene products, very stable. -Co-infection with HepB can destroy liver at acute stage |
|
|
ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA - Strand (multiple RNA strands) - FLU Envelope spikes can agglutinate RBC Influenzavirus (influenza A and B) Influenza C Virus High mortality especially for old age, once contracted in old age, even higher rate of death. |
|
|
Avian Influenza |
Orthomyxoviridae Vaccines Available Influenza rarely kills by itself, other opportunistic infections do |
|
|
BUNYAVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA - Strand (multiple (1) segmented RNA strands) Hentavirus: Acute respiratory syndrome/distress seen without direst contact. Field mice and rodent fecal matter transmission |
|
|
REOVIRIDAE |
Double-stranded RNA Nonenveloped Rotavirus: (Mild resp infections and gastroenteritis) infant-childhood stage Diarrhea, mortality rate is almost zero under proper supervision care VACCINE AVAILABLE |
|
|
RETROVIRIDAE |
Single-stranded RNA (2) + RNA strands, produce DNA -Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from viral genome Lentivirus (HIV) Oncogenic virus - include all RNA tumor viruses |
|
|
HIV (History/discovery) |
In1981 the CDC noticed that a group of people in the Los Angeles area had thefollowing: -Pneumocystispneumonia (caused by -Pneumocystis jiroveci) -Other opportunistic infections -Kaposi’s sarcoma -Decreased number of T cells. Young homosexual men |
|
|
HIV (Spread/prevalence) |
Identified as a disease spread by sexual contact, intravenous drug use, blood transfusions or exposure of mother to child -Although prevalence is still highest in homo men, fast growing group of HIV+ individuals in hetero women |
|
|
HIV/Aids |
HIV disease was recognized as an immunodeficiency and called AIDS Called the HIV1 Retro virus: RNA-contained virus that replicated through a DNA intermediate |
|
|
HIV/AIDS STATS |
~40 mill. infected worldwide (HIV1) ~25 mill. deaths |
|
|
Replication of HIV |
HIV1 infects any cell with CD4 receptors and a second receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) Hematopoietic cells: -T helper cells - major host cell -B lymphocytes -Macrophages -Monocytes -Stem Cells -Dendritic cells |
|
|
HIV Infection |
HIV infected person: A person who is infected with HIV virus but not have detectable abs. When abs are detectable, seroconversion has resulted. - Transmission: infected body fluid i.e. blood or semen Three stages of disease: Categories A, B, C |
|
|
HIV Treatment |
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) -Combination therapy, expensive and long -1 to 2 nucleoside analogs and at least 1 enzyme inhibitor --Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) --Protease inhibitors --Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) anti-viral |
|
|
HIV Prevention |
Proper condom use, abstinence Dapivirine (NNRTI) vaginal ring Truvada (HIV Prevention pill) -Tenofovir (NRTI) -Emtricitabine (NRTI) |
|
|
HIV Vaccine? |
Problems: 1. Virus mutates readily 2. Virus goes latent 3. People may acquire the virus in the latent state 4. Deadly virus (fatality >90%) An effective vaccine must...: Give protection against the free virus in the blood and against the provirus (Prophylactic vaccine??) |
|
|
Laughing Cannibals and Mad Cows |
NOT VIRUS, an infection Kuru disease of Fore people of New Guinea (57-59) Daniel Gajdusek Cannibalistic practices Slow acting infection agent Scrapie in sheep and hamsters Mad cow in Europe |
|
|
Prions |
Proteinaceous Infectious Particle Everyone has these Stanley Prusiner Causes kuru and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease in humans, mad cow in cows, and scrapie in sheep Fatal, neurological diseases Consists of only protein, infectious, gets to brain and converts the normal proteins to infectious ones |
|
|
Prions: Process |
Cow (or other animal mean) is contaminated with prion protein --> Human (or other anima) ingests the contaminated mean --> prion protein gets to brain of organism--> leads to degeneration of brain tissue |
|
|
Viroids |
Naked RNA (300 - 400 bp in length) Self complementary and very stable Cause of plant diseases only (so far) |
