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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is caused by _
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Measles virus
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is caused by _
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Papovavirus JC
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Chronic panencephalitis is caused by _
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Rubella virus
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Names of diseases caused by prions
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Kuru
CJD GSS FFI - fatal familial insomnia vCJD |
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Describe disease caused by prions
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
- Neuronal loss in grey matter - concomittant with appearance of many vacuoles |
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Characteristics of prions
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- From person to person
- No DNA or RNA - Can not be destroyed by UV, heat or formaldehyde |
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Describe Kuru disease
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- Occurs in cannibals
- Formation of plaque - Ataxia, tremor, loss of speech, paralysis - Fatal within one year |
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CJD
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- No plaque formation
- 1: 2 million - 90% sporadic - 5-10% familial - IN OLDER PEOPLE - 60-65 year olds - Fatal in 3-6 months - EEG with pseudoperiodic sharp complexes |
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Describe symptoms of CJD
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- Dementia/hallucinations
- Myoclonus - Cerebellar ataxia - Blindness |
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GSS forms of CJD
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- Earlier age of onset (30-35 years)
- Slower progression - 3-5 years |
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Mad Cow disease is also called
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- Spread by ingestion of contaminated meat |
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Describe non typical or virion CJD (vCJD)
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Age of onset - 19-24
TIme before death - 6 months- 2 years - Formation of plaque |
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Main difference between typical and atypical CJD
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- Formation of plaque
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Caliciviruses are
_ stranded? - symmetry? - naked or enveloped |
Positive stranded
Naked Icosahedral |
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Example of caliciviruses
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Hepatitis E
Norwalk virus |
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Viral GI in infants vs adults
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Infants - rotavirus
Adults - Norwalk If you can walk you _ Norwalk |
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Where do you most commonly see Norwalk virus
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Cruise ships
Vacations |
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Why is Norwalk virus good GI virus
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- Naked - does not have an envelope so will not be destroyed by high acidity
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Flaviviridae viruses are
_ stranded _ symmetry _ enveloped or naked |
Positive stranded
Icosahedral Enveloped |
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Flaviviridae viruses are spread by _ and cause _
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Mosquitos
Encephalitis |
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Examples of flaviviridae viruses
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West Nile
Yellow fever Dengue |
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Major cause of encephalitis spread by mosquitos in US
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St. Lois encephalitis - causes encephalitis or aseptic meningitis
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Dengue disease is also called
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Break bone fever - very painful muscle cramps, multiple hemorrhages, can go into shock (especially when reinfected)
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Viral GI in infants vs adults
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Infants - rotavirus
Adults - Norwalk If you can walk you _ Norwalk |
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Where do you most commonly see Norwalk virus
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Cruise ships
Vacations |
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Why is Norwalk virus good GI virus
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- Naked - does not have an envelope so will not be destroyed by high acidity
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Two characteristic symptoms of yellow fever
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- Black vomit
- Jaundice |
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Flaviviridae viruses are
_ stranded _ symmetry _ enveloped or naked |
Positive stranded
Icosahedral Enveloped |
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Flaviviridae viruses are spread by _ and cause _
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Mosquitos
Encephalitis |
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Examples of flaviviridae viruses
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West Nile
Yellow fever Dengue |
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Which of the flavi viruses have vaccine
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Yellow fever
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Major cause of encephalitis spread by mosquitos in US
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St. Lois encephalitis - causes encephalitis or aseptic meningitis
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Dengue disease is also called
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Break bone fever - very painful muscle cramps, multiple hemorrhages, can go into shock (especially when reinfected)
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Two characteristic symptoms of yellow fever
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- Black vomit
- Jaundice |
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Which of the flavi viruses have vaccine
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Yellow fever
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Name togaviruses
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- Arboviruses (mosquitos) - equine encephalitis
- Rubella |
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Rubella crosses placenta - T/F
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True - one of the TORCHES diseases that crosses placenta
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Rubella is transmitted through
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Respiratory route - droplets
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Congenital rubella syndrome causes what in infant
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Cataracts and deafness
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Describe rash in rubella
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Starts at the forehead - spreads all over body
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Name togaviruses
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- Arboviruses (mosquitos) - equine encephalitis
- Rubella |
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Rubella crosses placenta - T/F
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True - one of the TORCHES diseases that crosses placenta
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Rubella is transmitted through
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Respiratory route - droplets
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Congenital rubella syndrome causes what in infant
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Cataracts and deafness
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Describe rash in rubella
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Starts at the forehead - spreads all over body
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Baby with rubella is also called
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Blueberry muffin baby
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Viruses causing common cold - #1 and #2
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#1 - Rhinovirus
#2 - corona virus |
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SARS is caused by what virus
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Corona virus
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Corona virus
- strand - symmetry - enveloped/naked |
Single stranded positive RNA
Helical Enveloped |
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Picorna virus
- strand - symmetry - enveloped/naked |
Positive stranded, small
Naked |
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Picorna virus include what viruses
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Enteroviruses - Coxsackie, polio, Hep A
Rhinoviruses |
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Transmission for picorna virus
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Fecal oral except rhino - respiratory
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Enteroviruses cause enteric disease T/F
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False - enteroviruses DO NOT cause enteric disease - polio, coxsackie
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Describe poliovirus pathogenesis
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- Binds to anterior horn cells, DRG, neurons, lymphoid cells and skeletal muscle cells - in high numbers becomes cytolytic
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Name 5 different forms of polio
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- Asymptomatic - 90 %
- Abortive - 5 % - mild febrile illness - Non paralytic - mild febrile disease + progression to CNS, can cause aseptic meningitis - Paralytic - 0.1-2 % - Bulbar - paralysis of respiratory muscles - 75 % mortality |
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What kind of paralysis does polio cause
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FLACCID PARALYSIS with no sensory loss
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Which diseases does Coxsackie virus cause
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- Herpangina - vesicular ulcerated lesions in throat and mouth - sore throat, pain on swallowing, anorexia, vomitting
- Hand, foot and mouth disease - vesicular lesions on hands, feet, mouth and tongue |
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Why does rhinovirus lives in nasopharynx
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It likes colder temperatures
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Rhabdovirus shape, strand, symmetry, naked/enveloped
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BULLET shaped
Negative stranded Enveloped Helical |
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Rabies is spread through _
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Animal bite - in US racoon or bat, in other countries - dogs (dogs are vaccinated in US)
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Prognosis for rabies infection
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Very poor - almost always fatal if not vaccinated after exposure
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Describe symptoms of rabies
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First incubation period - asymptomatic
In 2-10 days get fever, headache, anorexia, fatigue and GI symptoms Neurological symptoms - HYDROPHOBIA - very afraid of water (even glass of water), hallucinations, disorientation, paralysis, confusion, delerium Then coma, cardiac arrest and death |
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How do you diagnose rabies
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- History of bite
- Negri bodies - cytoplasmic inclusios when study animal or at autopsy |
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Name filoviridae virus
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EBOLA
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Shape, strand, symmetry and naked/enveloped for filoviridae virus
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Filamentous negative stranded RNA virus
Enveloped Helical |
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Ebola virus causes what
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Severe (usually fatal) hemorrhagic fever
- Endemic to Africa |
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Name Bunya virus
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Hantavirus (Sin Nombre)
- Endemic to South West |
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Hantavirus is spread how
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Through mice - inspiration of feces
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Hantavirus causes what
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Hemorrhagic destruction of the lungs and lethal pulmonary complications
- Starts with fever, flu like syndrome and painful muscle aches |
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Name rio virus
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Rota virus - infant diarrhea
- Segmented RNA |
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Name main orhomyxovirus
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INFLUENZA - A, B, C
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Type A influenza infects _
Type B influenza infects _ |
Type A - animals + people
Type B - people only |
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Describe structure of influenza virus
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- Negative stranded RNA
- Enveloped - Segmented (8 segments) |
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Envelope of influenza has 2 components - what are they
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- HA - hemoagglutinin
- NA - neuroaminidase |
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If we say Flu is H5N1 - what does that mean
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H - hemoagglutinin
N - neuroaminidase |
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Why can Influenza (RNA virus ) have many strains while DNA viruses can only have one strain
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DNA viruses have DNA polymerase which proofreads nucleic acid sequences and so prevents mutations
RNA polymerase can not proofread - and so frequent mutations occur which result in multiple strains |
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Antigenic shift in Influenza
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Sudden and major change in the virus results in appearance of completely new virus and general population does not have Ab's against this new virus so it spreads fast and infects and kills many people
- Causes pandemics (Avian flu) |
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Describe mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza
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- Animal gets infected with two different A viruses at the same time
- RNA in influenza is segmented so two viruses swap segments creating a completely new virus which immune system cannot recognize |
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Which viruses can undergo antigenic shift
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ONLY type A influenza viruses - only those viruses can infect both animals and people
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Antigenic drift in Influenza virus
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- Slow and gradual change in proteins leads to change in strain of type A and B influenza viruses
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Characteristics of flu
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- Worst in elderly, best in children
- Abrupt onset of fever - Headache but NO RUNNY NOSE - NO VIREMIA and symptoms are confined to respiratory tract - Makes more susceptible to bacterial infections - Staph. Aureus and Strep. Pneumonia in elderly after having flu |
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Paramyxovirus family includes_
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Mumps
Measles RSV - respiratory syncytium virus |
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Measles is spread how_
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Respiratory - very contagious
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Symptoms of measles
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3 C's + photophobia
Corynza (running nose) Conjunctivitis Cough Photophobia Koplicks spots on buccal mucosa |
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Describe rash in measles
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Rash starts below ears and goes down
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Complications of measles
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- Atypical measles - vesicular rash
- Pneumonia - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis |
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Measles Dx
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- Giant cells
- Clinical |
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Parainfluenza causes _
- in adults - in children |
Adults - laryngitis, common cold
Children- croup |
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Main symptom of croup
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Seal barking cough
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Mumps - symptoms and complications
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SYmptoms - bilateral swelling of lymph nodes - parotid gland inflammation
Complication - sterility |
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Describe herpes virus
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Double stranded DNA virus
Linear Icosahedral Enveloped |
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HSV1 goes latent in _
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Trigeminal ganglia
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HSV2 goes latent in _
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Sacral ganglia
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VZV goes latent in _
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Dorsal root ganglion
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EBV, CMV, and HHV 6 go latent in _
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White blood cells
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How do you spread HSV1 and HSV2
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Direct contact (HSV2 - STD)
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HSV1 and HSV2 present as _
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Painful blisters - itch and are very contagious
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What diseases does HSV1 cause
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-Primary gingivostomatitis
- Recurrent stomatitis (cold sores) - Herpes gladiotorum - Ocular herpes - Encephalitis |
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What diseases does HSV2 cause
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- Genital herpes
- Herpetic whitlow - Encephalitis |
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Describe gingivostomatitis
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- Mostly asymptomatic
- Can cause fever - Vesicles that become ulcers are found in mouth, on tongue - cause gingivitis |
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Ocular herpes is usually spread by
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Autoinoculation
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Describe ocular herpes
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- One of the most common reasons of corneal damage and blindness in the world
- Branching (dendritic) ulcerations - Both cornea and conjunctiva are affected - Recurrence causes corneal scarring |
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Population for HSV1 gladiatorum (HSV1 dermatitis)
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Wrestlers or other contact sport players
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HSV1 causes encephalitis in _
HSV 2 causes encephalitis in _ |
HSV1 - adults
HSV2 - neonates - through birth canal |
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Describe genital herpes
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- HSV2
- Burning sensation in genitalia - Perfuse watery discharge from vesicles - Very painful ulcerations on genitalia covered with exudate - Severe pain on urination |
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Population of herpetic whitlow HSV2
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- Health care workers
- Waiters - Children |
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HSV1 vs HSV2 encephalitis localization
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HSV1 - temporal lobe
HSV2 - doesnt go to temporal lobe |
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VZV virus causes what diseases
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- Primary - chickenpox
- Reactivation later in life - shingles |
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How is chickenpox spred
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- Respiratory
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Smallpox vs chickenpox rash
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Smallpox - all lesions look the same
Chickenpox - all lesions are in different stages of development |
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Why should you not give aspirin to kids with chickenpox
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Can get Reyes syndrome (encephalopathy + vomitting)
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Complication of shingles
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Post herpetic neuralgia - pain remains even after shingles has resolved
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Describe rash in shingles
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Similar to chickenpox but dermatomal distribution (usually unilateral)
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EBV associated with what diseases
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- Infectious mono
- Burkitt's lymphoma - Lymphoproliferative disease - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
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Primary target cell for EBV
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Epithelial cells in oropharynx
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EBV goes latent in _
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B cells
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Dx of EBV
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-Positive for heterophile Ab's
- Downy cells (T cells) - Atypical lymphocytes - Increased monocytes |
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2 groups of population who get mono
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- Young kids (0-5 years old) - asymptomatic
- Puberty - kissing disease - more severe |
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Transmission of mono occurs through
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Saliva (kissing or through taking same things in mouth in young children)
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Infectious mono symptoms
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- Cervical lymphadenopathy
- Pharyngitis - Fever - PROFOUND FATIGUE - SPLENOMEGALY |
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Co factor for Burkitts lymphoma
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Malaria - endemic in Africa
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Most common viral cause of birth defects
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CMV
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Population at most risk for CMV infection
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Pregnant women and immunocompromised
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In AIDS patients CMV causes _
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Interstitial pneumonia
Retinitis |
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Most common route of CMV transmission
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Sexual
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How do you distinguish CMV from EBV
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CMV - heterophile Ab's negative
EBV - heterophile Ab's positive |
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CMV infection in fetus is also called
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Mulberry muffin baby syndrome
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Leading cause of mental retardation due to congenital disease in newborns
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CMV
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Infants born with CMV present with _
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Microcephaly
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Place where pregnant women most likely to get CMV
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Day care centers
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Describe roseola rash
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- Caused by HHV 6
- First have fever, after fever is gone get rash |
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HHV 8 virus causes _
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Kaposis sarcoma
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All DNA viruses are _ stranded except
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Double stranded except
PARVOVIRUS |
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All DNA viruses are _ in shape except _
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Icosahedral except
POX |
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ALL DNA viruses replicate in _ except
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Nucleus
POX |
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Name parvovirus
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B19
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Describe parvovirus
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Single stranded DNA
Naked Icosahedral |
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B19 virus is also called _
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5th disease or erythema infectiosum
"slapped cheek fever" |
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B19 target cell
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Erythroid precursors
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In anemics B19 can cause
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Aplastic crisis
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B19 transmitted through
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Oral and respiratory secretions or through placenta
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B19 presentation in adults and kids
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Adults - arthralgia or arthritis
Children - rash on cheeks, then spread on whole body, fever and flu like illness |
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In pregnant women who have B19 what can happen to fetus
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Hydrops fetalis
Also can cause stillbirth |
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What does papovavirus cause
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HPV
Common and genital warts JC and BK viruses |
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Describe papovavirus
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Naked
Icosahedral Double stranded DNA |
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HPV causes
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Laryngeal warts
Common warts Plantar warts Genital warts Cervical cancer |
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Genital warts are also called
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Condyloma accuminata
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Most HPV caused by what strains
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HPV6 and HPV11
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Strains of HPV associated with cervical cancer
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HPV 16 and HPV18
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BK and JC papova viruses usually occur in
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immunocompromised patients
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BK virus causes
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kidney problems
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JC virus causes
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy - degenerative brain disease
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Which virus is most commonly transmitted through contaminated swimming pool
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Adenovirus
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Which diseases does adenovirus cause
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Pink eye
Respiratory diseases Pharyngitis GI Hematuria in young boys |
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Which virus is common in military
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Adenovirus
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Pox virus causes what disease
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Smallpox
Molluscum contagiosum Monkeypox |
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Smallpox is spread how
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Through respiratory
Has been eradicated Possible bio weapon |
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Rash distribution in smallpox vs chickenpox
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Chickenpox - central distribution
Smallpox - head + extremities |
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Monkeypox is spread how
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Through prairie dogs
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Orf is _
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Pox virus of sheep and goats
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Molluscum contagiosum - symptoms + transmission
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Symptoms - cluster of nodules
Spread through direct contact - sexual or contact sports |
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What does Hep B use for replication
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Reverse transcriptase and RNA intermediate
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Hep B complication
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Primary hepatocarcinoma
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Viropexis
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Receptor mediated endocytosis
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Which virus has its own DNA polymerase
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Herpes
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