Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
sterilization
|
destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life with an exception of PRIONS
|
|
|
sterilant
|
a sterilizing agent -heat is the most common
|
|
|
commercial sterilization
|
sufficient heat treatment to kill CLOSTRUDIUM BOTULINUM in canned foods
|
|
|
disinfection(disinfectant)
|
destruction of vegetatiove pathogens (harmful microbes)
|
|
|
antisepsis(antispeptic)
|
destrustion of vegetative pathogens on living tissue
|
|
|
degerming
|
REMOVAL of microbes from a limited area
|
|
|
sanitization
|
treatment intented to lower microbial counts on eat8ing and drinking utensils to safe public levels
|
|
|
"cide"
|
suffix on treatment names that KILL microbes
|
|
|
"stat" or "stasis"
|
suffix on treatments that inhinit the growth of mutiplication of microbes
|
|
|
aseptic
|
the absence of significant contamination
|
|
|
for each min of antimicrobial tretment what percent of the popluation is killed?
|
90%
|
|
|
factors that effect anitmicrobial tretment
|
1. number of microbes
2. enviornmental influences 3. time of exposure 4. microbial characteristics |
|
|
how antimicrobial agents inhibit microbs thro membrane
|
damages the lipids and protiens causing leakage of cellular content which interfers growth
|
|
|
heat radiation and chemicals do what to microbes
|
1. break hygrogen bonds
2. attack covalent bonds 3. breaak disulfide bridges 4. damage nucleic acid (rna dna) which makes cell no longer to replicate/carry out metabolic functions |
|
|
what does heat do to microbes?
|
denatures their enzymes chaning their 3d shape making them inacctive and killling them
|
|
|
thermal death point
|
lowest temp all microbes in a liquid will be killed within 10 min
|
|
|
thermal death time
|
the minimal length of time for all bacteria in a liquid to be killed at a given temp.
|
|
|
decimal reduction time
|
the time in min. that kills 90% of bacteria at a given temp.
|
|
|
type of moist heat sterilization
|
boiling - kills MOST not all
|
|
|
autoclave
|
above boiling point steam underpressure
|
|
|
steam at what pressure will kill alll organisims in 15min
|
15psi
|
|
|
pasteurization
|
mild heating to kill a sufficent amount of microbsto keep from spoil but preserve flavor
|
|
|
phosphatase test
|
test that determines if dairy has been pasteurized
|
|
|
high temperature short time pasteurization
|
72 degrees for 15min
|
|
|
ultra high temperatures
|
sterilizing milk treatment -allows storage without refrigeration for several months
|
|
|
equivalent treatments
|
as temp increases less time is needed to kill the same number of microbes
|
|
|
how does dry heat kill?
|
but oxidation effects
|
|
|
flaming
|
a type of dry heating
|
|
|
incineration
|
dry heating way to dispose of contaminated paper cups, bags . and dressings
|
|
|
hot air sterilization
|
dry heating in an oven
- |
|
|
what heats faster...moist heat or dry heat?
|
moist
|
|
|
filtration
|
a passage of lighid or gas thro a screen like material with pore that retain microbes
|
|
|
what is fitration used for
|
heat sensitive materials
|
|
|
high efficiency particulate air filters
|
remove all microbes larger than .3 mircometers in diameter
|
|
|
fiterable viruses
|
pathogens that could pass thro filtrates
|
|
|
membrane filters
|
.1micrometers thick more retainable filter system
|
|
|
low temperaures
|
slow the metabolic rate of microbes and kill some
-slow freezing more effective |
|
|
high pressures
|
atler molecular structures and kill buy inactivating vegetative microbs
|
|
|
desiccation
|
the absence of water which enables the growth of microbes.
|
|
|
osmotic pressure
|
high concentrations of salts ans sugar cause hypertonic enviornments that cause desiccation
|
|
|
what is more laikley to for in low moist, high osmotic pressure areas, bateria mold, or yeast ?
|
moldds and yeasts
|
|
|
ionization radiation
|
gamma rays, x-rays, high energy elecron beam, create mutations in microbe cells
|
|
|
nonionizing radiation
|
uv light damages dna by causing bonds btw adjcent thymines inhibit replication
|
|
|
mocrowaves
|
not very good at killin microbes
|
|
|
use dilution test
|
test the effectivness of disinfectants
|
|
|
disk diffusion method
|
used in teaching labs to evaluate the efficentcy of a chemical agent
|
|
|
2 types of disinfectants
|
1. phenol-throat lozenges
2. phenolics-disinfect pus saliva and feces |
|
|
cresols
|
type of phnolic that is a good surface disinfectant
|
|
|
bisphenols
|
derivative of pheol with two phonolic groups
-hexachlorophene -triclosan |
|
|
biguanides
|
most effective against gram postive
-chlorhexidrine -alexidine |
|
|
halogens
|
iodine, chlorine effective antimicrobial agents
|
|
|
tincture
|
solution in aqueous alcohol
|
|
|
idophor
|
iodine and orgainic molecule mixture
|
|
|
alcohols
|
kill fungi and bacteria by protien denaturation
|
|
|
oligodynamic action
|
the ability for metals to exter antimicrobial activity
-silver, copper, zinc |
|
|
sufactants
|
decease surface tension among molecules
|
|
|
emlusification
|
when oily filimants are fomed throu scrub of soap
|
|
|
acic anionic sanitizers
|
surface active
-quats |
|
|
chemical food preservatives
|
sulfur dioxide
|
|
|
nitroaminies
|
nitrite reacting with amino acids
|
|
|
antibiotics
|
nasin and natamycin used in foot preservation to
|
|
|
aldyhydes
|
most effective antimicrobial
|
|
|
chemical sterilization
|
not a pratical sterilent
|
|
|
plasma
|
state of matter when the gas is excited
|
|
|
supercritical fluids
|
chemical and physical methods
|
|
|
peroxygens
|
oxidizing agents that include hydrogen peroxcide and peracetic acid
|
|
|
pathology
|
the study of disease
|
|
|
concerns of pathologists
|
1. etiology(cause)
2. pathogenisis(growth) 3. structural and functional changes |
|
|
infection
|
invation and colonization
|
|
|
disease
|
change in normal state of health
|
|
|
normal microbiota/ normal flora
|
microbes that made perminate residence in the body
|
|
|
transient microbiota
|
microbes that only stay in the body for a short period of time
|
|
|
microbial antagonism/ competetive exclusion
|
competition among microbes for nutrients, portect against invasion of harmful pathogens
|
|
|
SYMBIOSIS
|
one ogranism is dependent on the other
|
|
|
commensalism
|
one benifits the other is unaffected
|
|
|
mutualism
|
both benifit
|
|
|
probiotics
|
live microbial cultures applied or ingestes for benificial effects
|
|
|
prebiotics
|
promoted bacterial growth
|
|
|
parasitism
|
one beifits the other is harmed
|
|
|
opportunistic pathogens
|
normally harmless in normal conditions but in change in environmewnt can be harful
|
|
|
does cooperation and competition between microbes cause disease?
|
yes
|
|
|
koch postulate requirements
|
1. pathogen present in every case of the disease
2. pathogen isolated from disease host and gown in pure culture 3. pathogen from pure culture inoculated into healthy lab animal cause disease 4. pathogen isolated from inoculated animal and grown on pure culture must be the orignal pathogen from 1st |
|
|
what is the nitch in koch postulate
|
not all pathogens can be grown on pure cultures
|
|
|
syptoms
|
change in body function
1. subjective -cants see 2. objective -physician obverved |
|
|
signs
|
lesions, swelling, fever, paralysis
|
|
|
syndrome
|
syntoms or signs always associated to a specific disease
|
|
|
communicatable disease
|
transfered directly or indirectly from host to host
|
|
|
contagious disease
|
EASILY spread from one person to the next
|
|
|
noncommunicable disease
|
not spread from on person to the next
|
|
|
syptoms
|
change in body function
1. subjective -cants see 2. objective -physician obverved |
|
|
incidence
|
number of people in a population with a disease
|
|
|
signs
|
lesions, swelling, fever, paralysis
|
|
|
prevalence
|
number of people who develope a disease at a specific time (old and new cases)
|
|
|
soporatic disease
|
occuring occationally
|
|
|
syndrome
|
syntoms or signs always associated to a specific disease
|
|
|
endemic disease
|
constantly present
|
|
|
communicatable disease
|
transfered directly or indirectly from host to host
|
|
|
contagious disease
|
EASILY spread from one person to the next
|
|
|
noncommunicable disease
|
not spread from on person to the next
|
|
|
incidence
|
number of people in a population with a disease
|
|
|
prevalence
|
number of people who develope a disease at a specific time (old and new cases)
|
|
|
soporatic disease
|
occuring occationally
|
|
|
endemic disease
|
constantly present
|
|
|
predesposing factor
|
makes the body more suseptible to a disease
ex: gender, age, fatigue, nutrition |
|
|
development process of disease
|
incubation period(inital-1st symptom)
prodromal period(ealy mild symptoms) period of illness(most severe) period of decline (symptoms subside) period of convalescence(recovery) |
|
|
something that provides a parthogen with adequate conditions for survival
|
resiovir of infection
human animal nonliving |
|
|
carriers
|
people who have and spread disease but dont show symptoms
|
|
|
zoonoses
|
disease in aminals transmitted to humans
|
|
|
nonliving resevrvior
|
soil, water, badly prepared foods
|
|
|
transmission occurs through
|
contact -person to person
vehical -by medium, water air food vectors-aminal transmition |
|
|
nonliving resevrvior
|
soil, water, badly prepared foods
|
|
|
formite
|
the nonliving host intermidiate btw contact transmition
|
|
|
transmission occurs through
|
contact -person to person
vehical -by medium, water air food vectors-aminal transmition |
|
|
types of vectors
|
mechanical-passive
biological -active |
|
|
formite
|
the nonliving host intermidiate btw contact transmition
|
|
|
types of vectors
|
mechanical-passive
biological -active |
|
|
nonsocomial infection
|
recieved from a hospital
|
|
|
compromised host
|
resistance to infection is compromised by a disease
|
|
|
emerging infectious disease
|
new or changing, increase in incidences
|
|
|
epidemiology
|
the study of when where occur and how disease is transmitted
|
|
|
descriptive epidemiology
|
all data that describes the occurance of the disease
|
|
|
analytical epidemiology
|
anaylze to determine the probable cause
|
|
|
experimental epidemiology
|
hypothesis then experiments to test it
|
|
|
case study
|
evidence of a chain of transmission
|
|
|
incidence
|
number of peopl ein a population who develope a disease
|
|
|
prevalence
|
number of poeple who develope a diseae in a certain time period
|
|
|
soporatic disease
|
occurs occasionally
|
|
|
endemic disease
|
constantly present
|
|
|
epidemic disease
|
many people infected in a short period of time
|
|
|
most pathogens enter though
|
mucus membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and respritory tracts
|
|
|
skin
|
where microbes can enter but it is very difficult
|
|
|
parental route
|
deposited directly under skin/into muscus membranes
|
|
|
preferred portal entry
|
routes microbes prefer and in some case wont cause disease unless eneter this way
|
|
|
adherance
|
microbes attcking themselve to host
|
|
|
biofilms
|
microbes that can attach to living and nonliving surfaces
|
|
|
adhesin/ligands
|
binder that bind to surface receptors
|
|
|
m protein
|
found in fimbrae and surface of cell
increase the virulence of microorganisms |
|
|
how does bacteria attack to the host
|
fmbrae and op
|
|
|
waxy lipid
|
increases virulence but resisting digestion by phgocytes
|
|
|
coagulases
|
bacteria that clot fimbrinogen in the blood
|
|
|
fimbrinogen
|
is plama protien produced by the liver
|
|
|
kinases
|
enzyme that breaks down fibrin digests clots
|
|
|
collagenase
|
breaks down collagen protein
|
|
|
Iga proteases
|
destroies Iga antibodies
|
|
|
antigenic variation
|
when pathogens alter surface antigens making the pathogen immune to antibodies
|
|
|
actin
|
cytoskeleton protein that is used by microbes to penetrate a hosts cell
|
|
|
invasions
|
surface proteins produces by microbes that rearrange actin
|
|
|
4 ways microbes damage host cell
|
1. using its nutrients
2. damage in the vicinity of invasion 3. producing toxins 4. inducing hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
siderdphores
|
protiens secreted by microbes that go out a take iorn away frm iron transporters
|
|
|
direct damage is done through
|
rupture, toxins, passing thorugh, penatration
|
|
|
toxin
|
posionous substances released by miicrobes
|
|
|
toxigenicity
|
capacity of microbes to produce toxins
|
|
|
toxemia
|
toxins in the blood
|
|
|
2 types of toxins
|
1. exotoxins -inside
2. endotoxins -outide |
|
|
antioxidants
|
antibodies that provide immunity to exotoxins
|
|
|
exotoxins
|
inhibit certain metabolic functions
release into body thro lysis very deadly |
|
|
toxoids
|
exotoxins inactivated that only now produce antitoxins
|
|
|
endoxins
|
relseased into the body when cell wall breaks
part of the outter membrane |
|
|
lysogenic conversion
|
bacterial cell becomes immune to infection by the same type of phage
|
|
|
cytopathic effects
|
visible effects of viral infection of an animal virus
|
|
|
Selective toxicity
|
A drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host.
|
|
|
Chemotherapy
|
the use of drugs to treat a disease
|
|
|
antibiotic
|
a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe
|
|
|
Superinfection
|
when a broad spectrum antibiotic kills the normal flora and allows other normal microbiota to over grow
|
|
|
Bactericida
|
kills microbes directly
|
|
|
Bacteriostatic
|
prevents microbes from growing, the hosts immune usually destroys the microbe
|
|
|
Macrolides
|
Inhibits cell wall synthesis: targets peptidoglycan formation, therefore selectively toxic
gram positive |
|
|
Natural penicillins
|
Primarily useful against gram positives therefore narrow spectrum of activity
|
|
|
Semisynthetic penicillins
|
Broader range of activity; many are effective against gram positives and gram negatives
|
|
|
Methicillin
|
1st semisynthetic penicillin cause mrsa
|
|
|
vancomycin
|
last line of defense against mrsa
inhibits cell wall synthesis |
|
|
inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
|
bacitracin
vancomycin Isoniazid (INH) Ethambutol |
|
|
inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis
|
Rifamycin
Quinolones fluoroquinolones |
|
|
injuries the plasma membrane
|
Polymyxin B
|
|
|
antibiotic resistance
|
Enzymatic destruction of drug.
Prevention of penetration of drug. Alteration of drug's target site. Rapid ejection of the drug |
|
|
cause of antibiotic resistance
|
Failure to complete the prescribed regimen
Using outdated or weakened antibiotics. Using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions. Use of antibiotics in animal feed. using someone elses perscription |
|
|
Pathogenicity
|
the ability to cause disease
|
|
|
Pathogen
|
microbes that cause disease
|
|
|
Virulence
|
the extent to pathogenicity
|
|
|
portals of entry for pathogens
|
Mucous membranes
Skin Parenteral route Oral Respiratory tract Gastrointestinal tract Urinary tract |
|
|
Preferred portal of entry
|
the perfered route a pathogen likes to take and sometime the only router it can take to create disease
|
|
|
id 50
|
infection dose for 50% of the population
|
|
|
LD50
|
lethal dose for 50% of the population
|
|
|
pathogens bind to host receptors by
|
adhesion and ligands
|
|
|
the bound pathogens form
|
biofilms
|
|
|
pathogens penetrate hosts defense in capsule by
|
preventing phagocytosis in capsule
|
|
|
pathogens penetrate hosts defense in enzymes by
|
Coagulase: Coagulates fibrinogen
Kinases: Digest fibrin clots Hyaluronidase: Hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid Collagenase: Hydrolyzes collagen IgA proteases: Destroy IgA antibodies |
|
|
pathogens penetrate hosts defense in the cell wall by
|
M protein resists phagocytosis
Opa protein inhibits T helper cells Mycolic acid (waxy lipid) resists digestion |
|
|
invasion
|
Penetration into the Host Cell Cytoskeleton
|
|
|
what does a pathogen use to move from cell to cell
|
actin
|
|
|
pathogens cause disease by
|
Disrupt host cell function
Produce waste products Toxins |
|
|
toxin
|
Substance that contributes to pathogenicity
|
|
|
Toxigenicity
|
the ability to prodice a toxin
|
|
|
Toxemia
|
presence of toxins in the host blood
|
|
|
Toxoid
|
inactivated toxins used in vaccines
|
|
|
Antitoxin
|
antibodies against a specific toxin
|
|
|
exotoxin
|
inside the cell
|
|
|
endotoxin
|
around the outside of cell the cell wall ish
|
|
|
pathogens lyse host cell by
|
creating channels in the plasma membrane and Disrupting phospholipid bilayer
|
|
|
Leukocidins
|
kill white blodd cells
|
|
|
Hemolysins
|
lyse red blood cells
|
|
|
Streptolysin
|
toxins made byy streptococcus
|
|
|
superantigens
|
Cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells
Symptoms: fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and death |
|
|
portals of exit
|
Respiratory tract
Coughing and sneezing Gastrointestinal tract Feces and saliva Genitourinary tract Urine and vaginal secretions Skin Blood Biting arthropods and needles or syringes |
