Microbiology Final

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spirillum

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rigid cell bodies, elongated with flagellar tufts at both poles, gram negative aerobic

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Spirochetes

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smal flexible helical cells, two axial filaments wrap around, gram negative, aerobic.

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Cocci

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spherical

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Bacilli

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rods

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Clusters of bacteria

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Staphylo-

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Chains of bacteria

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Strepto-

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Lophotrichous

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several flagella at one pole

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Peritricous

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Multiple flagella everywhere

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H antigens

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Flagellar antigens

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Endoflagella

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specific to spirochetes, around cell, within outer sheath, rotation causes cell movement

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Gram-stain procedure

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1. Crystal Violet (purple -positive)
2. Iodine
3. Alcohol
4. Safranin (red - negative)

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Gram positive cell walls

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Thick peptidoglycan layer
Teichoic Acids
Polysaccarides provide antigens

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Gram negative cell walls

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Thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that contains LPS, phospholipids, and protein.

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Layers of Gram negative cell wall - inside to outside

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Plasma membrane, periplasm, peptidoglycan, outer membrane, polysaccharides

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Toxins in gram negative and positive cells

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Gram positive - exotoxins
Gram Negative - endotoxins

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Lipopolysaccarides in gram positive and negative cells

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Positive - none
Negative - lots

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Mycobacteria cell wall

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Similar to gram negative but has mycolic acid. Use acid fast stain instead of gram stain.

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Staining mycobacterium

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neither gram pos or neg. Acid fast - they retain pink stain.

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Gram pos vs. neg: sporulation

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Some strains of Gram positive only

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Layers of endospores

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core, inner membrane, spore wall, cortex, outer membrane, protein coat, exoporium

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Phases of the growth curve

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1. Lag
2. Log
3. Stationary
4. Death

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Penicillin target

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Cell wall, usually gram positive

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Cephalosporins

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still beta lactams, more resistant to lactamase.1st generation - gram pos. 4th generation - gram neg.

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Bacitracin

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Topical only, targets cell wall

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Cycloserine -

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against mycobacterium tuberculosis

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macrolides

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Targets protein synthesis - binds to 50s

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clindamycin

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Blocks peptide bond formation

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Linezolid

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blocks 23s rrna

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Tetracycline

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30s

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aminoglycosides

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streptomycin and kanamycin, bind 30s subunit

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Sulfamethoxazole

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Folate synthesis, competitive inhibition of PABA

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Quinolones

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like Cipro - inhibits DNA gyrase

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Rifampin

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Blocks transcription by binding to RNA polymerase

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Prototroph

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an organism with wild type complement of genes enabling it to grow with a simple requirement of nutrients

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Auxotroph

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a mutant unable to synthesize a small molecule, requires supplements

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Fastidious organism

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complicated growth requirements

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Lytic

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host cell is lysed by virus

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lysogenic

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phage genome is integrated into host chromosomal DNA

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pathogenicity islands

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chromosomal regions that contribute to virulence
generally higher GC
Horizontally acquired

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Endotoxin

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LPS - arent released unless the cell is lysed

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SZipper mechanism

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bacterium tricks endocytosis into bringing in the cell

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Membrane splash

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another way for bacteria to enter cell. membrane folds around bacterium

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AB toxin

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B - binding portion
A - active portion

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Group A

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Strep pyogenes

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Group B strep

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S agalactiae

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Group D

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enterococcus. E faecalis

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Streptococcus pyogenes

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pus forming, aerotolerant anaerobes. human is the only reservoir. 10-30% asymptomatic carriage rate

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Superantigens

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proteins that simulataneously bind Vbeta (TCR) and MHC-II

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m protein

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antiphagocytic factor

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hyaluronic acid capsule

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hinders opsonization recognition

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lipotechoic acid

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adhesin, binds fibronectin, last of the 3 group A virulence factors

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Quellung reaction

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determines pneumococcus capsular type. you can see capsule swelling

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Only coagulase positive bacteria strain

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staph aureus

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Coagulase

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Clotting factor

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Staphylokinase

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can target Fc cleavage, cleaves antimicrobial peptides, cleavage of C3b to C3i.

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Protein A

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binds to Fc region of Ig

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Catalase

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converts h2o2 to water and oxygen

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Carotenoid

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Aureus - gold color, antioxidant

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CHIPS

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chemotaxis inhibitory protein, throws neutrophils off the scent

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TSST

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Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin from Strep

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How enterotoxin B causes death

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hypovolemic shock

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Bullous impetigo

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bacteria in the skin

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SSSS

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Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome - no bacteria in blisters

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Staph food poisoning

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from toxins, not infection. No fever. 24 hrs.

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Faruncles

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Extension of folliculitis. Underlying collection of necrotis tissue. From staph infection.

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Carbuncles

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Coalesced furuncles that extend to deeper tissues. Can lead to bacteremia. Chills and fever indicate systemic spread.

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Acute endocarditis

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Staph in blood can adhere to heart tissue. Sudden onset of high fever. High mortality. Valvular destruction and embolisms to brain or lung.

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Pneumonia

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rarely caused by staph.

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Staphylococcus epidermidis

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Coagulase negative, normal flora of skin.

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Staph saprophyticus

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causes UTI's in young sexually active women

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Staph treatment;

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not penicilin. New semisynthetic penicillins should work

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MRSA treatment

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Vancomycin is 1st line of defense

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Strep skin infections:

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cellulitis, necrotizing fascilitis, impetigo, erysipelase, myonecrosia

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+RNA viruses

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can make protein directly

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-RNA viruses

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must make +RNA to make protein.

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Capsid

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protein coat on virus

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Envelope

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bilayer membrane that covers capsid

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Parvovirus

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single stranded DNA virus

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Herpes virus

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double stranded DNA, envelope. Herpes, chicken pox, kaposi's sarcoma, Epstein-Barr

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Picornavirus

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+RNA virus, single stranded, non enveloped, hepA

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HIV-1

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positive sense, SS RNA, enveloped, diploid genome

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Enterobacteriaceae

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facultative anaerobic gram -

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ETEC

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Enterotoxigenic E coli, traveler's diarrhea, infant diarrhea in 3rd world.

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EPEC

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enteropathogenic E coli, infant diarrhea

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EIEC

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enteroinvasive e coli, mild shigella like dysentery.

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EAEC

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enteroaggregative e coli - infant and child diarrhea in 3rd world or immunocompromised adults.

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DAEC

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diffusely adhering e coli, watery diarrhea in children

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EHEC

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enterohemorrhagic e coli. bloody diarrhea

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ETEC toxins

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Labile - increases cAMP in intestinal cells to secrete water and ions
Stable - stimulates cGMP with same effect

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EPEC toxins

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destroy surface microvilli in intestines

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EIEC toxins

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factors similar to those of shigella, causes dysentery

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EAEC

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fimbriae attach to intestinal cells

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EHEC toxins

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Stx-1 and -2 on lysogenic phage are hemolysins. Vero toxin - shiga like.

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Shigella

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Gram neg rods. Human are the only reservoir. Fecal oral transmission.

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Shigellosis

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Intense diarrhea 3 days. can end here or can develop into dysentery with intestinal inflammation, abdominal pain, relatively scant stool with blood and pus (WBCs)

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S. dysenteria

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Causes worse shigellosis, contains shiga like toxin which prevents protein synthesis. AB toxin.

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Shigella pathogenic process

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1. invade intestinal cells
2. escape from endocytotic vesicles and multiply
3. directly invade adjacent cells
4. host cells die and mucosal abscess forms.

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Treating shigellosis

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manage dehydration, antibiotics use is controversial

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Typhoid fever

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Most severe of salmonella diseases. requires antibiotics: cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, treatment must be long lasting to eliminate carrier state

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B pseudomallei diseases

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limited to southeast asia and australia, melioidosis

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Pseudomonas

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Gram neg rod, non spore. Obligate aerobe. Found everywhere, motile.

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P aeruginosa

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ubiquitous. Common nosocomial pathogen along with staph aureus.

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P aeruginosa diseases - lung

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pulmonary infections, frequent cause of pneumonia, problem for CF patients.
S

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P aeruginosa disease - skin

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Skin infections - burn patients, tissue necrosis. folliculitis from hot tubs. Gangrene

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P aeruginosa disease - other

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UTI's in catheter patients, ear infections (swimmer's ear), eye infections in contact lens wearers.

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Legionella

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gram neg bacilli. L. pneumophila causes most disease, common aquatic bacteria. Transmission by aerosol inhalation

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Legionella cont'd

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intracellular, survives inside macrophages, uses type IV secretion to inject proteins that delay phagosome fusion with lysosome

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Legionella treatment

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Fluoroquinolones and macrolides

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Bordetella

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Major pathogen - bordetella pertussis. causes whooping cough. Gram negative coccobacilli.

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Bordetella toxins

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adenylate cyclase/hemolysin - increases cAMP in cells.
tracheal cytotoxin - causes ciliostasis