Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Superantigen MOA… products induced…
|
Bind directly to MHC II and TCR simultaneously, activating lots of Tcells to release IFN-y and IL-2. IFN-y causes macros to release IL-1, IL-6, and TNF (shock)
|
|
|
Exotoxins of S. aureus…
|
TSST-1, enterotoxins (food poisoning), exfoliatin
|
|
|
Exotoxins of strep pyogenes and what kind of a toxin are they…
|
Scarlet fever erythrogenic toxin (TSST like toxin), Streptolysin O (hemolysin), antigen for ASO antibody, Hyaluronidase (cellulites)
|
|
|
Bugs w/ ADP ribosylating A/B toxins and what does each ADP ribosylate…
|
C. Diptheria and Pseudomonus (EF-2), V Cholera (G protein incr Ad Cyc), E Coli (LT toxin stimulates Ad Cyc and ST does Guan Cyc); B Pertusis (binds and inhibits Ga1)
|
|
|
Ion movement in the gut as a result of infxn w/ V Cholera…
|
Na stays in gut and Cl is pumped out as result of stimulated Ad Cyc
|
|
|
MOA of B Pertusis…
|
Incr cAMP by inhibiting Ga1 inhibits chemokine receptor causing lymphocytosis
|
|
|
Toxin in C perfringens and how distinguished in lab…
|
Alpha toxin (lechicinase) that causes double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
|
|
|
MOA of shiga toxin…
|
Cleaves host cell rRNA thus inactivating 60s ribosome and enhances cytokine release
|
|
|
cAMP inducing bacteria… which toxin in B anthrax and how…
|
V Cholera, Pertusis, ETEC (LT), B Anthrax (Edema factor is an adenylate cyclase)
|
|
|
In which phase of bacterial growth curve do spore forming bacteria form their spores… what else happens in this phase…
|
Stationary phase (plateau). Nutrient depletion occurs here too
|
|
|
What is transformation… what bacteria utilize it… what kind of DNA does it use…
|
Ability to take up DNA from environment (also called competence). SHiN are able to do it. Any DNA can be used.
|
|
|
Gram negative bug passed by aerosol transmission but NOT person-to-person…
|
Legionella
|
|
|
Tx of legionella...
|
Erythromycin
|
|
|
Virulence of enterobacteriacae related to…
|
Capsular (k) antigen
|
|
|
H antigen found in…
|
Salmonella, E Coli and other motile enterobacteraciae
|
|
|
Septic shock of E coli and other gram – bacteria mediated thru... path…
|
Lipid A induces macros thru CD14 (no TCR) to release TNF and IL1
|
|
|
Toxin of EPEC… pathogenesis…
|
No toxin, adheres to apical surface and flattens villi thus inhibiting absorption
|
|
|
Allows Salmonella survival in Peyers patch…
|
Vi polysaccride capsule
|
|
|
Bug remaining in gallbladder chronically… reservoir of this bug…
|
Salmonella typhi, gets there thru macros. S typhi is only found in humans
|
|
|
Motility of Yersinia…
|
Motile at 25 degrees but nonmotile at 37 degs
|
|
|
Vectors for ixodes tick…
|
Deer (required), mice
|
|
|
Stage 3 of bells palsy…
|
Arthritis’s
|
|
|
Infxn of skin, bones, joints that heals w/ keloids and deformities caused by…
|
Treponeum pertenue (yaws)
|
|
|
Condyloma lata in what disease and what stage…
|
Syphilis, 2nd stage
|
|
|
Congenital syphilis…
|
Saber shins (ant tibial bowing), CNVIII deafness, teeth, mulberry molars, addle nose
|
|
|
FTA +, VDRL – probably means…
|
Successfully treated syphilis
|
|
|
Zoontic bacteria causing granulomas…
|
Bartonella (Cat scratch), Brucella (utterly undulant fever), Tularemia (black ulceration)
|
|
|
Required for Rickettsiae growth…
|
CoA and NAD+
|
|
|
Coxiella transmission and dx…
|
Causes pneumonia and is aerosol transmitted but is rickettsiae species
|
|
|
Ehrlichiosis and how distinguish from other Rickettsiae…
|
HA, malaise, fever but NO rash. Has berry like clusters in macrophages (dogs will Err-lick you and have berries in poop)
|
|
|
Bugs w/ organisms inside macrophages…
|
Lishmania (amastigotes), Histoplasma (fungi), Ehrlichiosis (berry like clusters), Klebsiella calymmatobacterium granulomatous (Donovan bodies)
|
|
|
Chlyamidia type that causes PID, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia, neonatal conjunctivitis…
|
D-K
|
|
|
Conidia… fungi that are spread by inhalation of these…
|
Asexual fungal spores. Coccidiodes and histo
|
|
|
Histo in what areas and passed thru what vector…
|
Ohio/Mississippi, bird or bat droppings (Cave exploring)
|
|
|
Blasto causes…
|
Inflammatory lung dx, disseminates to skin and bone, forms granulomatous nodules
|
|
|
MOA of malassezia furfur…
|
Degrades lipids producing acids that damage melanocytes and cause hypopigmented patches
|
|
|
Dermatophytes…
|
Microsporum (pets), anything w/ phyton on end
|
|
|
Fungus that can cause endocarditis in IV drug users…
|
Candida
|
|
|
Most sensitive test for Cryptococcus that detects its most virulent factor…
|
Latex agglutination that detects capsular antigen
|
|
|
Besides diabetic, where else does mucor show up…
|
Leukemic patients
|
|
|
Frontal lobe abcesses from a fungus… where else do they hit…
|
Mucor or rhizopus. Popular in sinus area but also invade blood vessels and cause infarxn
|
|
|
Tx of PCP in AIDs patients w/ sulfa allergy…
|
Pentamine
|
|
|
Entamoeba histolytica findings… tx… diagnosis…
|
Bloody diarrhea, liver abcesses, RUQ pain, possible for colon ulcer that ruptures. See RBCs in cytoplasm of entamoeba. Tx w/ metronizole
|
|
|
Cysts on acid-fast stain…
|
Cryptosporidium
|
|
|
Somnolence, recurring fever due to which protozoa… vector… what other symptom and why fever recurring…
|
Trypanosoma gamb/rhod from tsetse fly. Also get lymphadenopathy. Fever recurs due to antigenic variation
|
|
|
Traid of leishmania… vector…
|
Spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia. Sandfly vecto
|
|
|
MOA of cerebral malaria… tx…
|
Parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain, also kidneys and lung. Start tx w/ chloroquine, if resistant use mefloquine
|
|
|
Symptoms of babesia infxn… diagnosis… tx…
|
Fever and hemolytic anemia. See maltese cross on blood smear (no pigment). Tx: quinine, clindomycin
|
|
|
Symptoms of trichomonas infxn… diagnosis…
|
Foul-smelling, frothy greenish discharge and itching and burning. Diagnosed by seeing motile trophozoites
|
|
|
Ascaris lumbricoides transmission and disease…
|
Fecal-oral, causes intestinal infxn that can cause obstrxn. Eggs visible in feces
|
|
|
Trichinella spiralis dx and transmission…
|
Undercooked meat, pork. Muscle inflammation and periorbital edema
|
|
|
Strongyloides sterocoralis dx and transmission…
|
Larvae in soil penetrate skin, intestinal infxn causing N/V/D and anemia
|
|
|
Helminthes causing anemia…
|
Strongyloides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms)
|
|
|
Dracunuclus medinensis dx and transmission… tx..
|
In drinking water, causes skin inflammation and ulcer. Tx w/ niridazole
|
|
|
Onchocerca vulvulus dx and transmission… tx…
|
Transmitted by female blackfly, causes hyperpigmented skin and river blindness (the oncho river). Allergic rxn to microfilaria. Tx: ivermectin
|
|
|
Loa loa dx and transmission… tx…
|
Transmitted by deer fly, horse fly, mango fly. Swelling in skin, can see worm crawling in conjunctiva. Tx: diethylcarbamazine
|
|
|
Toxocara canis dx and transmission… tx…
|
Ood contaminated w/ eggs or pet animal. Causes granulomas, possible blindness,and visceral larva migrans (fever, cough, wheezing, wt loss, visual loss). Tx: diethycarbamzine
|
|
|
Taenia solium dx and transmission… tx…
|
Encysted larvae in pork leads to intestinal tapeworms. Eggs cause cysticerosis and neurocystericosis- lesions in brain and muscle, eosinophilia. Tx: praziquantel
|
|
|
Echinococcus granulosus dx and transmission… tx…
|
Eggs in dog feces ingested make CYSTS in LIVER. Can cause anaphylaxis if antigens released from cysts. Tx: bendazoles
|
|
|
Schistisoma transmission and dx… tx…
|
Snails are host. Penetrate skin and cause granulomas, fibrosis and inflammation of liver and spleen. Can cause sqamous cell CA of bladder. Tx: praziquantel
|
|
|
Transmission and dx of clonorchis sinensis… tx…
|
Frm undercooked fish. Causes inflammation of biliary tract pigmented gallstones. Assoc w/ cholangiocarcinoma. Tx: praziquantel
|
|
|
Paragonimus westermani transmission and dx… tx…
|
From undercooked crab meat. Inflammation and secondary bac infxn of lung causing hemoptysis
|
|
|
Nematodes spread cutaneously…
|
Stronglyoides, Ancylostoma, Necator
|
|
|
Nematodes spread via ingesting…
|
Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichinella
|
|
|
Complementation in viruses…
|
1 of 2 viruses that infects cell has mutation that results in nonfunctional protein. Nonmutated viruses complements by making a protein that serves both viruses
|
|
|
Live, attenuated viral vaccines…
|
Smallpox, yellow fever, chickenpox (VZV), Sabins, MMR
|
|
|
Only live attenuated vaccine that can be given to HIV patients…
|
MMR
|
|
|
Killed viral vaccines…
|
Rabies, Influenza, Salk Polio, HAV
|
|
|
Recombinant viral vaccines…
|
HBV, HPV
|
|
|
Virus that is not a haploid…
|
Retroviruses (HIV, HTLV)
|
|
|
Where do all DNA viruses replicate… all RNA viruses…
|
DNA: in nucleus, except poxvirus (carries own DNA dependent RNA poly). RNA: all in cytoplasm except retro and influenza
|
|
|
Naked viruses…
|
DNA: PAPP (Parvo, Adeno, Papoilloma, Polyoma) RNA: CPR (Calcivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus)
|
|
|
Where do herpes viruses aquire their envelope…
|
Nuclear membrane, all other enveloped viruses aquire them from the plasma membrane
|
|
|
Roseola what kind of a virus…
|
Herpes (HHV-6)
|
|
|
Kaposi sarcoma virus is what kind of a virus…
|
HHV-8
|
|
|
Reoviruses… RNA structure…
|
Reovirus (tick fever) and Rotavirus. Have DS linear segmented RNA
|
|
|
Picornaviruses…
|
Polio, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackie, HAV
|
|
|
SS + linear RNA viruses… what is capsid symmetry…
|
Coronovirus, Calcivirus, Retro, Togavirus, Flavivirus. In Corona, CA we wear our Retro Togas and eat little caezars pizza w/ lots of Flavor. All are icosahedral except corona is helical
|
|
|
Calcivirus…
|
Norwalk- gastritis
|
|
|
Flaviviridae…
|
HCV, Yellow fever, Dengue, St Louis and West Nile
|
|
|
SS – linear RNA viruses… what is special about them…
|
Orthomyoxivirus, Paramyoxovirus, Rhabdovirus, Filovirus. My Ox is Rabid. All bring their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (bunyavirus does too)
|
|
|
Circular viruses…
|
Arena (ring of sand), Bunya (trees have rings), Delta
|
|
|
Segmented viruses and how many segments have…
|
Reo (10-12), Arena (2), Orthomyxovirus (8), Bunya (3) (BOAR- like swine flu)
|
|
|
Unique characteristic about picrnoviridae translation… what do most of them cause…
|
RNA translated into one long protein that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins. Most cause aseptic meningitis
|
|
|
Transmission and dx of yellow fever…
|
Transmitted by Aedes mosquito. Monkey or human reservoir. High fever, black vomitus, jaundice. Councilman bodies (acidophilic inclusions) seen in liver
|
|
|
Paramyxoviridae… important virulence factor and treatment…
|
Parainfluenza, Measles and Mumps, RSV. All contain F (fusion) protein that causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated giant cells. Palivizumab used to neutralize F protein
|
|
|
What transcribes HBV DNA into RNA…
|
Cellular RNA polymerase. RT then transcribes HBV RNA into DNA
|
|
|
What about HBV does HDV need…
|
Requires HBsAg as its envelope
|
|
|
Best test to detect active HAV…
|
Igm HAVAb
|
|
|
Marker that signifies chronic dx of HBV…
|
HBcAb IgG
|
|
|
Markers that signify chronic carrier of HBV…
|
HBsAg and HBcAb IgG
|
|
|
Funxn of gp 120 and gp41 in HIV…
|
120 binds CD4/CCR5 on macros then gp41 recruited to facilitate fusion and virion is inserted.
|
|
|
Capsid protein for HIV…
|
P24
|
|
|
HIV binds ….. on T cells and binds …… on macros.
|
CXCR4 and CD4 on Tcells and CCR5 and CD4 on macros.
|
|
|
Why are ELISA and Western blot of babies of mothers w/ HIV often falsely positive…
|
Anti-gp120 crosses the placenta
|
|
|
CD4/CD8 ratio indicative of AIDS…
|
<1.5
|
|
|
1st marker to rise in HIV then precipitously fall in latent phase and then rises again in AIDS…
|
P24
|
|
|
Dx assoc w/ initial drop of CD4 count <400 in HIV patients…
|
Thrush, tinea pedis, VZV, TB reactivation, Salmonella, Hflu, S Pneumonia
|
|
|
Dx assoc w/ initial drop in CD4 count <200 in AIDS patients…
|
HSV reactivation, cryptosporidiosis, Isospora, coccidiodomycosis (skin and lungs), PCP
|
|
|
Dx assoc w/ drop in CD 4 count < 100 but >50..
|
Candida esophagitis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis
|
|
|
Dx assoc w/ drop in CD4 count <50 in AIDS patients…
|
CMV retinitis and esophagitis, disseminated Mavium, cryptococcal meningitis
|
|
|
Neoplasms assoc w/ HIV…
|
Kapsois, invasice cervical CA (HPV), primary CNS lymphoma, NHL
|
|
|
HIV encephalitis… how aquire access to CNS… what see on histo…
|
Occurs late in HIV course. Gains CNS access via infected macros. See microglial nodules w/ multinucleated giant cells
|
|
|
Normal flora of nose…
|
S epidermidis, colonized by S aureus
|
|
|
Normal flora of colon…
|
Bacteroides>E coli
|
|
|
C Perfringens food poisoning most likely result of…
|
Reheated meats
|
|
|
Bugs causing diarrhea that perform toxin before ingestion…
|
S aureus, B Cereus
|
|
|
Bugs causing diarrhea that form toxin after ingestion…
|
ETEC, V cholera, EHEC, Shigella
|
|
|
Most common causes of pneumonia in children 4wks to 18 yrs…
|
RSV, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, S pneumonia
|
|
|
Most common bacteria to cause post viral pneumonia…
|
S aureus, H flu
|
|
|
Most common causes of meningitis in children 6months-6 years…
|
S pneumonia, N Meningitis, H flu, Enteroviruses
|
|
|
Most common causes of meningitis in patients 6-60 yrs…
|
N Meningitis, Enteroviruses, S pneumoniae, HSV
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis in diabetics and drug addicts…
|
Pseudomonous, often via local infxn
|
|
|
Person w/ prosthetic valve replacement gets osteomyelitis, what is possible bugs…
|
S aureus and S epidermitdis
|
|
|
Difference between UTI and pyelonephritis…
|
UTI has WBCs but no WBC casts and has suprapubic pain. Pyelonephritis has WBC casts w/ flank pain and CVA tenderness
|
|
|
UTI bugs…
|
E coli, Staph saprophyticus, Serratia (red), Enterobacter (drug resistant, nosocomial), Klebsiella, Proteus (motile, swarming), Pseudomonus
|
|
|
Triad of toxoplasmosis congenital infxn…
|
Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
|
|
|
Maternal manifestations and congenital infxn of rubella…
|
Get from respiratory droplets. Maternal: lymphadenopathy and rash. Triad: PDA (or pulm artery hypoplasia), cataracts and deafness. Might get blueberry muffin rash
|
|
|
Nosocomial infxn in newborn nursery..
|
RSV or CMV
|
