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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the ultimate goal of compliment?
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To lyse the target cell
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What do components of the compliment system do to enhance the elimination of the infecting agent?
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opsonization- they coat the antigenic cells and make them easier to phagocytize.
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What is the key cell in the immune system?
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lymphocyte
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Which T-lymphocytes have CD4 receptors?
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Helper Ts & Delayed Hypersesitivity Ts
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Which T-lymphocytes have CD8 receptors?
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Cytotoxic Ts and Supressor Ts
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What does APC stand for?
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Antigen presenting cell
aka Macrophages |
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What is another word for antigenic determinant?
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epitope
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attenuated vs. inactivated vaccines
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attenuated: pathogen is alive but weakened, creates an actual infection, longer lasting & more potent
inactivated: pathogen killed, less potent, not long lasting |
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inactivated vs subunit vaccines
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subunit: only part of the pathogen, used in Hep. B.
Inactivated: uses whole pathogen |
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Example of a subunit vaccine
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Hep. B
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Examples of attenuated vaccines
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MMR, Sabin Polio, Varicella-Zoster
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Examples of inactivated vaccines
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rabies, Salk Polio, influenza
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Examples of toxoid vaccines
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tetanus, diptheria,
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Type I Hypersensitivity
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Immediate type (anaphylaxsis)
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Type II Hypersensitivity
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Cytotoxic type
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Type III Hypersensitivity
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Immune complex type
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Type IV Hypersensitivity
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Delayed or cell-mediated
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Which leukocytes engage in phagocytosis?
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Monocytes/Macrophages, N, E, B
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Which leukocyte may engage in extracellular killing?
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Eosinophils
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What are pyrogens?
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anything that causes a fever
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The antibody unit is composed of how many heavy chains and how many light chains?
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2 and 2
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How many antigen binding sites are found in one unit of the antibody molecule?
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2
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What are the 2 branches of the immune system?
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Humoral (antibodies)
Cellular (T-cells) |
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Define primary lymphoid organs? examples:
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organs where lymphocytes are created. Thymus(T-cells), Bone marrow(B-cells)
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Define 2ndary lymphoid organs? Examples:
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Organs where mature lymphocytes reside in the body. Spleen, lymph nodes, etc.
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What is passive immunization?
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an immunization in which pre-formed antibodies or antitoxins are administered. You do not create them yourself.
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natural passive vs. artificial passive
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natural: breast milk
artificial: antitoxins given in the hospital |
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What is the Major Histocompatibility Gene Complex? What antigens do they code for?
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Gene that codes for the Human Leukocyte antigen, which are almost unique to each person. Allows body to ditinguish between "self" and "other"
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What is the role of the Macrophage in the specific immune response?
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They phagocytize the anigenic cells and then present their antigenic determinants to the T and B cells to initiate an immune response.
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Why are T-lymphocytes called T-lymphocytes?
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because they were first created in the Thymus
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What is the role of the Helper T lymphocyte?
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T-helper cells activate cells involved in cellular immunity. The release cytokines that activate other T and B cells.
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What is the role of the Cytotoxic T cell?
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The kill host cells infected with viruses, protozoa, or tumor cells
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What do activated T-cells release?
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perforin: creates holes in target cells
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What are memory T-cells used for?
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They do not proliforate, but exist for years or decades, and when they encounter the same antigen again, they rapidly differentiate to attack the pathogen.
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primary vs secondary immunodeficencies:
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1ry: born with it
2ndary:get it later in life |
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Serum sickness is what type of Hypersensitivity reaction?
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Type III - Immune complex
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Atopy is am example of which hypersensitivity reaction?
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Type I - localized anaphalaxsis
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Which antibody type is a pentamer with 10 ag binding sites?
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IgM
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What is the role of delayed type hypersensitivity T cells
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they release lymphokines that activate and call macrophages to the area & keep them in the area.
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What are lymphokines (cytokines)
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chemical attractants that call WBC's to the area, call Macrophages and Neutrophils
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What is a hapten?
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a molecule too small to elicit an immune response on its own, when it atatches to a larger molecule it creates a response
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What is the role of the Supressor T cell?
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supresses the activity of other T cells
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What is the role of the B lymphocyte?
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to differentiate into plasma cells and ultimately make antibodies
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Which lymphocytes does the HIV virus infect?
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Th and Tdh
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What is an anemnestic response?
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a 2ndary immune response - occurs when the body responds to an antigen it has already encountetred - much fater than 1ry response.
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Which type of hypersensitivity response is poison ivy (contact dermatitis)
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Type IV - delayed/ cell-mediated
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Which type of Hypersensitivity involves blood cells (ex - hemolytic disease of the newborn?)
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Type II - Cytotoxic
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Which antibody is the secretory antibody?
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IgA
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Compare receptors on the surface of a B-cell vs a T-cell
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B: IgM monomer antibody receptor, made of 4 polypeptide chains, has 4 ag binding sites
T: made f 2 polypeptide s, variable region binds to ag, but has only 1 ag binding site. |
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What is the role of the Human Leukocyte Antigen during the presentation of the antigen to the lymphocyte?
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The antigenic determinant will be recognized only in context with the HLA on the surface of the APC.
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Which antibodies have a J chain?
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IgA, IgM
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Which antibody has 4 ag binding sites?
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IgA (in secretions, not blood)
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Which antibodies have 2 ag binding sites?
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IgG, IgA (in blood)
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What is interferon?
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protein "warning signal" molecules released by virus-infected cells
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Name exsamples of infections where interferon might be used?
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Chronic, severe infections: Herpes, Hep. B & C, certain cancers
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What is diapedesis?
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the emigration of WBCs between the endothelial cells of the blood vessels into the tissues
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What is bradykinin?
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a chemical/neurotransmitter that causes pain
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What is a Granuloma?
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lymphocytes with phagocytic cells surrounding the region of infection in a pocket.
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Which T-cell is involved in the formation of a granuloma?
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Tdh
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Which infectious diseases cause granulomas?
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TB, syphilis, leprosy
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What component in a Gram neg. cell wall may activate compliment?
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Lipid A (endotoxin)
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How is the classical pathway of the compliment cascade activated?
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by antigen-antibody reactions
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What antibody is most abundant in the blood?
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IgG
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Which antibody is released first by the lymphocyte?
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IgM
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What type of vaccine is MMR?
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attenuated
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What type of vaccine is Pertussis?
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acellular
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The TB skin test is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
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Type IV- delayed
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gamma globulin (aka immune serum globulin) vs. hyperimmune serum
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gg: made when we pool many serum samples together. used in ppl who are unable to produce an immune response (immunodeficient)
hs: made in horses, have high levels of antibodies to a SPECIFIC agent. Given to people recovering from infections |
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Which antibody has a secretory component?
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IgA
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What is graft vs. host disease?
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BMT, when transplanted bone marrow attacks host tissues
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what lymphocytes do ppl w/ Infantile X-linked Agammaglobunemia lack?
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No B-cells
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What lymphocyes do ppl w/ Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease lack?
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No B or T cells (Bubble boy!)
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