Microbiology Exam 5

Front 1

3 lines of deffense against microbes

Back 1

- Physical Barriers
- Nonspecific Internal defenses
- immune system

Front 2

Examples of Physical Barriers

Back 2

- Skin
Secretions – natural antibodies: Sweat – salty
Oils
- Mucous membranes
Trap microbes (mucus) – natural antibiotics

Front 3

Nonspecific Internal Defenses

Back 3

-- Granulocytes – WBC
Responsible for producing toxins that are deadly to invading microbes
-- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (polys or PMNs)Do not discriminate between the host cells and microbes.
-- Microphage – WBC
Eat anything that doesn’t belong in the body
-- Natural Killer (NK) cell – WBC
Don’t attack invader cells
Attack host’s cells that have already been invaded.
-- Inflammation
Cells secrete toxins that cannot discriminate between host cells and microbes.
Marked by a collection of puss
Puss
- Living and dead WBC
- Living and dead bacteria
- Dead tissue
--Fever – natural response of the body against microbes
Endogenous pyrogens – self-produced fire makers (WBC  Endogenous Pyrogens –> Hypothalamus)

Front 4

Immune System

Back 4

o Mounts a SPECIFIC attack against any microbe that invades the body
o Adaptable – able to respond to things never seen before, or things that don’t exist in the common world
o Memory – able to remember microbes that have invaded in the past

Front 5

Antigen

Back 5

tag or label on a cell

Front 6

Components of the Immune System

Back 6

- Antibodies
- Tcells
- Bcells

Front 7

Antibodies

Back 7

proteins in the fluid part of our blood (plasma)

Front 8

T-cells

Back 8

Thymus gland cells
o T cells  memory cells  long-lived cells
o T cells  helper T cells (TH)  secrete chemicals that increase or decrease immune response
o T cells  cytotoxic T cells (TC) (killer T cell)  direct cell death

Front 9

B-cells

Back 9

Bone marrow cells
o B cells plasma cells  secrete antibody
o B cells  memory cells  long-lived cells

Front 10

Immune Response

Back 10

• Recognition – antibody
- Variable chain – determines target
- Constant chain – determines function
• Attack
• Memory

Front 11

Classes of Antibodies

Back 11

IgG
IgD
IgA
IgE
IgM

Front 12

Ig

Back 12

= immunoglobulin

Front 13

IgG

Back 13

single Y shaped antibody (most abundant) (Lives the longest) (Transported across the Placenta – protects a developing baby)

Front 14

IgA

Back 14

dimer (2 parts) (Secretory antibody – found in secretions)

Front 15

IgM

Back 15

– Pentamer (5 parts) (Poss. Bind 10 antigens) (first antibody)

Front 16

IgE

Back 16

– Single Y shaped antibody (Allergy antibody) (attacks large parasites)

Front 17

IgD

Back 17

– Single Y shaped antibody (function – Unknown/undetermined)

Front 18

Agglutination

Back 18

– clumped together

Front 19

Types of Vaccines

Back 19

- Inactivated
- attenuated

Front 20

Inactivated Vaccine

Back 20

(kill) receive an inactivated type of the microbe, so that the immune system can have an Idea of the infectious microbe to fight. Inactivated microbes are unable to replicate and cause disease.

Front 21

Colonization –

Back 21

the establishment of an organism in or on a host

Front 22

Infection –

Back 22

when the organism that has colonized begins to spread and multiply

Front 23

Opportunistic Pathogens -

Back 23

Able to cause disease under special circumstances

Front 24

Pathogenic / virulent –

Back 24

disease causing (not all microbes are disease causing)

Front 25

Infectious disease –

Back 25

symptoms are present

Front 26

6 steps of the Infectious Disease Process

Back 26

Encounter
Entry
Spread
Multiplication
Damage
Outcome

Front 27

Encounter

Back 27

3 ways
i. At birth – birth canal
ii. Endogenously – come from within the body (movement)
iii. Exogenously – come from outside the body

Front 28

Entry

Back 28

2 ways
i. Ingress – does not involve crossing the skin
ii. Penetration – crossing the skin

Front 29

Spread

Back 29

(Can be reversed with multiplication)
3 ways
i. Chemotaxis – movement towards/from a chemical
ii. Enxymes – break tissue
iii. Adhesins - stick to target

Front 30

Multiplication

Back 30

(Can be reversed with Spread)Environment factors determine how a microbe multiplies

Front 31

Damage

Back 31

Can be brought on by:
i. Microbe
1. Destroy tissue
2. Toxin that affects metabolism
ii. Immune response

Front 32

Outcome

Back 32

a. Host wins / defeats microbe
b. Microbe wins / defeats host
c. Co-exist

Front 33

Normal flora

Back 33

- Apart of human anatomy
- common cause of disease
- helps to protect against outside microbes

Front 34

Sterile areas from Normal Flora

Back 34

- Blood
- Deep tissue
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Synovial fluid (joints)

Front 35

How does Normal Flora protect against outside microbes?

Back 35

- competes with microbe invaders
- Normal flora in our digestive tract help to produces vitamins

Front 36

HIV

Back 36

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1983)

Front 37

AIDs

Back 37

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (1981)

Front 38

AIDs can be inactivated by?

Back 38

soap & water
Lysol
detergent
bleach, etc.

Front 39

Disease Stages of AIDs

Back 39

ARS
Latentcy
ARC

Front 40

ARS

Back 40

– Acute Retroviral Syndrome
a. (6 days – 6 weeks)
b. Headache, fever, muscle aches

Front 41

Latentcy

Back 41

– asymptomatic
a. 10-15 years or more

Front 42

ARC

Back 42

AIDS Related Complex
a. Leads to full blown AIDS
i. Weight loss, etc.

Front 43

Common Diseases in AIDS Patients

Back 43

- Pneumocystosis – Pneumocystis carinii
- Toxoplasmosis – Toxoplasma gondii
o Cats
- Tuberculosis
- Recurrences of latent infections
o Herpes, chicken pox > shingles
o Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS)

Front 44

Retrovirus

Back 44

(backwards virus)
• RNA (genetic material)  DNA  RNA  protein
o Reverse transcriptase

Front 45

HIV spike

Back 45

= gp120
• gp = glycoprotein

Front 46

CD4

Back 46

= receptors on a Helper T cell that HIV attaches too.