Microbiology Exam 3: Protista

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Kingdom Protista

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• Eukaryotic heterotrophs, most are unicellular, very diverse.

• Some exhibit two life forms: trophozoite - free-living feeding form & cyst - dormant form

• Common groupings: protozoans (algae, lichens & slime molds not mentioned here)

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Protozoa-

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unicellular, lack cell walls, few are photosynthetic, four phyla grouped by form of motility, all aquatic, asexual and sexual reproduction

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Phylum Sarcodina

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amoeboid movement

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Entamoeba hystolytica (Phylum Sarcodina)

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amebic dysentery or amoebiasis, cysts ingested and trophozoite emerges and invades the intestinal lining. Results in bloody diarrhea. Some individuals may be asymptomatic.

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Naegleria fowleri (Phylum Sarcodina)

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primary ameobic meningoencephalitis (PAM), found in bodies of fresh water and soils. Infection occurs during summer months when people swim in lakes. Although many are exposed, few rarely become infected. Organism enters through the nasal passages and into the brain and spinal fluid. Severe headache. Can cause rapid death.

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Acanthamoeba ssp (Phylum Sarcodina)

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.- granulomatous ameobic encephalitis (GAE) & keratitis, found in bodies of fresh water. Causes a slow infection in immunocompromised patients, like AIDS. Hard to treat. Slow progression. Not usually found in healthy individuals. Keratitis occurs in soft-lens contact lens wearers. Can result in permanent eye damage and vision loss.

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Phylum Mastigophora

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flagellates

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Trypanosoma ssp (Phylum Mastigohora)

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. – typanosomiasis or African sleeping sickness, vector - tsetse fly. Chagas disease, vector - kissing bugs. Invades the blood due to the biting insects. Advance stages involve the CNS and ultimately death

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Trichomonas vaginalis - trichomiasis (Phylum Mastigophora)

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usually a STD. Both sexual partners should be treated simultaneously.

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Giardia lamblia - giardiasis (Phylum Mastigophora)

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cyst now found in most freshwater sources worldwide. Cysts are ingested, the trophozoite emerges and adheres to the small intestine wall, thus interfering with fat absorption. Rarely invades the intestinal wall, therefore, no blood will be present in the stool. Some people become carriers. Wildlife are carriers.

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Phylum Ciliata

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ciliated

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Balatidium coli - balantidiasis (Phylum Ciliata)

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a rare form of dysentary, primarily a parasite of domestic animals.

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Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)

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non-motile adult forms, all parasites, complex life cycles.

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Toxoplasma gondii (Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) )

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toxoplasmosis, associated with cats. Kitty litter boxes, sandboxes and gardens are the most common source of exposure. The parasite is passed in the cat feces. As the feces begin to dry, after about 24-48h, the cyst form becomes infective. Cysts can then become airborne. Humans infected by the ingestion of oocysts. Most individuals develop lifelong immunity. Some harbor the parasite in their bodies and it becomes active later in life. Parasite has an affinity for fetal tissue, brain and retina. May cause stillbirth or mental retardation. Presence of antibodies may be detected by a simple blood test.

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Cryptosporidium ssp. - cryptosporidiosis (Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa))

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usually acquired from ingestion of produce fertilized with human waster. Very low infectious dose level. Incubation of one week.

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Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. falciparum (Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa))

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Malaria or Blackwater Fever, vector - Anopheles mosquito. See article "My Malaria." **Know the complete life cycle!