Microbiology Exam 3

Front 1

Carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen are a part of what class of elements?

Back 1

These are Essential Elements

Front 2

Name the Essential Elements.

Back 2

CHOPKINS CaFe, NaCl Mgood
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Iodine, Nitrogen, Sulfer, Calcium, Iron, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium

Front 3

In what macromolecules would you find Oxygen?

Back 3

In all macromolecules.

Front 4

In what macromolecules would you find Nitrogen?

Back 4

Every protein & nucleic acids.

Front 5

In what macromolecules would you find Oxygen?

Back 5

In all macromolecules.

Front 6

In what organisms would you find Phosphorus?

Back 6

Nucleic acid.

Front 7

In what environmental source can all of the essential nutrients be found?

Back 7

Soil

Front 8

What are the four macromolecules?

Back 8

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acid, and Protein.

Front 9

Where in the environment would you find Carbon?

Back 9

Air, water, organic materials, soil.

*** They are in all macromolecules.

Front 10

Where in the environment would you find Nitrogen?

Back 10

Nitrogen gas.

Front 11

Where in the environment would you find Oxygen?

Back 11

In gaseous oxygen and inorganic salts (sulfates, nitrates, and phosphates).


*** In all macromolecules.

Front 12

Where in the environment would you find Phosphorus?

Back 12

Soil, rocks, and mineral deposits (can also be water).

Front 13

Which of the four essential nutrients are unusable by most organisms?

Back 13

Nitrogen

Front 14

Define diffusion.

Back 14

The movement of a substance from high to low concentration.

Front 15

Define osmosis.

Back 15

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 16

Osmosis is the ________ of ________ across a ________ ________ ________.

Back 16

diffusion; water; selectively permeable membrane.

Front 17

Define isotonic conditions.

Back 17

Conditions when there is an equal concentration of water and solutes inside and outside of a cell. There is no net change.

Front 18

Define hypotonic conditions.

Back 18

Having relatively low solute and high water outside of the cell (in relation to solute and water inside of cell).

Front 19

Define hypertonic conditions.

Back 19

Having relatively high solute and low water outside of the cell (in relation to solute and water inside of cell).

Front 20

Define Active Transport.

Back 20

The movement of substances against concentration gradient or movement faster than diffusion alone.

Front 21

Define Passive Transport.

Back 21

The movement of substances down the concentration gradient without the use of (ATP) energy.

Front 22

Define endocytosis.

Back 22

The movement of substances from outside to inside by engulfment and formation of vacuoles.

Front 23

Define phagocytosis.

Back 23

Engulfing solid material.


Book: A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane actively engulfs large particles or cells into vesicles.

Front 24

Define pinocytosis.

Back 24

Drinking liquids.

Book: The engulfment, or endocytosis, of liquids by extensions of the cell membrane.

Front 25

Define facilitated diffusion.

Back 25

Movement with concentration gradient, no energy required, specialized membrane proteins required.

Front 26

Define autotrophs.

Back 26

"Self feeder". Microbes which derive carbon (or CO2) from nonliving environment.

Book: Organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source.

Front 27

Define heterotrophs.

Back 27

"Other feeder". Must obtain carbon from organic sources.

Book: Organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form.

Front 28

Define photoautotrophs.

Back 28

Photosynthetic organisms (or organisms that photosynthesize), like algae, plants, and cyanobacteria.

Front 29

Define chemoautotrophs.

Back 29

Non-photosynthetic;
Energy from inorganic compounds (H, Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), S, and Fe from ocean vents and methanogens).

Book: Microbes that gain their energy from chemical compounds.

Front 30

Define saprobes.

Back 30

A microbe that decomposes organic compounds from dead materials (decomposers).

Front 31

Define parasites.

Back 31

Live in or on living organism(s) (host). Obtains nutrition from living host.

Front 32

Define pathogens.

Back 32

Parasite that causes disease (tissue damage) or death.

e.g. Steptococcus pyogenes.

Front 33

Define facultative saprobes.

Back 33

Parasites that can live on artificial media. These grow great in the lab.

Front 34

Define cardinal temperatures.

Back 34

The maximum, minimum, and optimum temperatures for growth.

Cardinal means "of utmost importance".

Front 35

Define psychrophiles.

Back 35

Microbes which love cold ("cold lovers")
-15 to 15 degrees C
Optimum -5 to 15 degrees C

Found on mountain top, arctic, deep ocean

Front 36

Define mesophiles.

Back 36

Microbes which love intermediate temperatures ("middle lover").
10 to 50 degrees C
Optimum 20 to 40 degrees C

In water, soil, and buildings.
Most pathogens are mesophiles.
We live in these conditions (human body temp - 37 degrees C).

Front 37

Which classification of microbe lives in temperatures equal to commonly found water, soil, as well as buildings?

Back 37

Mesophiles.

Front 38

Which classification of microbe lives in the deep sea?

Back 38

Psychrophiles.

Front 39

Define thermophiles.

Back 39

Microbes which love hotter temperatures ("Heat lovers").
45 to 80 degrees C
Optimum 60 to 75 degrees C.

In volcanic areas and hot springs.

Front 40

Define facilitative psycrophiles.

Back 40

A mesophile that can also grow in the cold.

Can grow in refrigerator --> Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus.

Front 41

Define aerobes.

Back 41

Microbe which uses oxygen and can detoxify it.

Front 42

Define obligate aerobes.

Back 42

Organism that cannot grow without oxygen.

Front 43

Define facultative anaerobes.

Back 43

Aerobes that can grow in the absence of oxygen, and can detoxify it (oxygen).

Front 44

Define strict anaerobes.

Back 44

Can't use (or be around) oxygen and can't detoxify toxic forms.

Found in large intestine --> bacteroides, Bifidobacterium clostridium.

Front 45

Define aerotolerant anaerobes.

Back 45

Can't use (while it CAN be around) oxygen, but can detoxify toxic forms.

Lactobacillus

Front 46

Define symbiosis.

Back 46

When two organisms live in close association, required for survival for one or both. Three categories: Mutualism, Commensualism, and Parasitism.

Front 47

What are the 3 categories of Symbiosis?

Back 47

Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism.

Front 48

Define Mutualism

Back 48

Mutualism is when both organisms benefit from the association.

Termites --> protozoans --> bacteria.
Ruminant animals --> bacteria and protozoans.

Front 49

Define Commensalism

Back 49

Commensulalism is when one organism benefits from the association and the other is not harmed (but does not receive benefit or harm from the benefiting organism).

Bird nest in tree. / Spider's web in tree.

Front 50

Define Parasitism

Back 50

Parasitism is when one organism benefits from the association and the other is harmed.

Fleas/ticks on dog.

Front 51

Define binary fission.

Back 51

Microbial growth of a bacteria cell when one becomes two.

Front 52

Define doubling time.

Back 52

Is the measure of growth rate in bacteria. Like the time for 1 cell to become 2 cells, 1 million cells to become 2 million cells.

Front 53

Define exponential growth.

Back 53

Growth at an ever increasing rate.

Front 54

What are the stages in a growth curve?

Back 54

- lag phase - flat period of growth --> when cells become accustomed to environment
- exponential growth phase --> rapid doubling; lots of nutrients; no waste
- stationary growth phase --> new cells & dying cells; food runs out and waste builds up
- death phase --> no food; lots of waste; cells are dying

Front 55

What occurs during the lag phase in the growth curve?

Back 55

lag phase - flat period of growth --> when cells become accustomed to environment

Front 56

What occurs during the exponential growth phase in the growth curve?

Back 56

exponential growth phase --> rapid doubling; lots of nutrients; no waste

Front 57

What occurs during the stationary growth phase in the growth curve?

Back 57

stationary growth phase --> new cells & dying cells; food runs out and waste builds up

Front 58

What occurs during the death phase in the growth curve?

Back 58

death phase --> no food; lots of waste; cells are dying

Front 59

Define metabolism.

Back 59

All of the chemical reactions of a cell.

Front 60

Define Anabolism.

Back 60

Building large molecules from small molecules; requires energy.

e.g. Amino acids - proteins
Nucleotides - nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 61

Define Catabolism.

Back 61

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules; releases energy.

Front 62

Define enzyme.

Back 62

Biological catalyst.


Book: A protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions.

Front 63

Define catalysts.

Back 63

A substance that alters the rate of reaction without being consumed or permanently changed by it.

Front 64

What are characteristics of enzymes?

Back 64

- speed up rate of cellular reactions
- composed of protein and may require cofacters
- unique shape, specificity and function
- enable metabolic reactions to proceed at a speed compatible with life
- provide a reactive site for substrates
- are not used up or permanently changed by reaction
- lower activation energy required for chemical reaction
- can be recycled, function in extremely low concentrations
- limited by particular temperatures and pH
- can be regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms

Front 65

What is an active site?

Back 65

The actual pocket where substrate binds.

Front 66

What conditions affect the function of enzymes?

Back 66

Temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure all can have an affect on enzymes.

Front 67

What is denaturation?

Back 67

Process when bonds holding the shape of an enzyme are broken.

Front 68

What are exoenzymes?

Back 68

- synthesized in cell; transported extracellularly out of cell; break down large food molecules and harmful chemicals.

Front 69

What are endoenzymes?

Back 69

- synthesized and remain in cell.

Front 70

What are constitutive enzymes?

Back 70

- always present at relatively constant amounts.

Front 71

What are regulated enzymes?

Back 71

- not constantly present, produced only when its particular substrate is present.

Front 72

What are exergonic reactions?

Back 72

- releases energy, forms ATP

Front 73

What are endergonic reactions?

Back 73

- requires energy from ATP

Front 74

How do exergonic and endergonic reactions relate to metabolism?

Back 74

Exergonic --> Catabolism
Endergonic --> Anabolism

Front 75

What are the major steps in aerobic respiration?

Back 75

In order: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Respiratory Chain/Electron Transport

Front 76

What is the ATP yield of glycolysis?

Back 76

Glycolysis yields 2 ATP (as well as 2 NADH (potential energy), and 2 Pyruvic Acid)

Front 77

What is the ATP yield of Krebs cycle?

Back 77

The Krebs Cycle yields 2 ATP (6 CO2, 2 FADH2, and 8 NADH)

Front 78

What is the ATP yield of respiratory chain (electron transport)?

Back 78

The Respiratory Chain yields 34 ATP (and 6 H2O)

Front 79

What is the ATP yield of aerobic respiration?

Back 79

ATP = 38

Front 80

What are the beginning and ending products of each stage of aerobic respiration?

Back 80

Glycolysis - IN - Glucose; OUT - 2 ATP, 2 NADH (potential energy), and 2 Pyruvic Acid

Krebs Cycle - IN - 2 ATP, 2 NADH (potential energy), 2 Pyruvic Acid; OUT - 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 6 CO2

Respiratory Chain (Electron Transport) - IN - 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2; OUT - 34 ATP, 6 H2O

Front 81

Where does each step occur in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in regard to aerobic respiration?

Back 81

In Eukaryotic Cells - Step 1 (Glycolysis) - Cytoplasm; Step 2 (Krebs Cycle) - Mitochondria; Step 3 (Electron Transport/Repiratory Chain) - Mitochondria.

In Prokaryotic Cells - Step 1 (Glycolysis) - Cytoplasm; Step 2 (Krebs Cycle) - Cytoplasm; Step 3 (Electron Transport/Respiratory Chain) - Cell Membrane

Front 82

What is anaerobic respiration?

Back 82

- similar to aerobic except does not use oxygen, instead oxygen containing compounds such as nitrate, nitrite, carbonate and sulfate.

Front 83

What is fermentation?

Back 83

- incomplete oxidation of glucose in absence of oxygen - low energy yield - 2 ATPs per glucose.

Front 84

What are types of fermentation?

Back 84

Alcoholic, Acidic, and Mixed acidic.

Front 85

What is amphibolism?

Back 85

- Amphi- meaning "both"
- molecules that can be used in either catabolism or anabolism.

Front 86

This type of microbe uses oxygen and can detoxify it.

Back 86

Aerobes

Front 87

This type of organism that cannot grow without oxygen.

Back 87

Obligate aerobes

Front 88

This type of Aerobe can grow in the absence of oxygen, and can detoxify it (oxygen).

Back 88

Facultative aerobes

Front 89

This type of organism can't use (or be around) oxygen and can't detoxify toxic forms.

Back 89

Strict anaerobes

Front 90

This type of organism can't use (while it CAN be around) oxygen, but can detoxify toxic forms.

Back 90

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Front 91

Does the movement of a substance using Facilitated Diffusion occur with or against the concentration gradient?

Back 91

Facilitated Diffusion occurs WITH the movement of substances with the concentration gradient. Specialized membrane proteins are required; uses NO energy.

Front 92

T or F. Saprobes are a type of Chemoautotroph.

Back 92

False. Saprobes are Chemoheterotrophs. They decompose ORGANIC materials from dead organisms.

An example of a Chemoautotroph would be lithoautotrophs (rock feeders), methanogens, and other organisms found around ocean vents.

Front 93

This type of organism can grow on agar in the lab.

Back 93

A Facultative Saprobe.

Front 94

Define facultative parasites.

Back 94

(Opportunistic pathogens) This is a Saprobe but can infect a living host.

Front 95

When a ________ infects a host, it is considered a ________?

Back 95

Saprobe; Facultative Parasite.

Front 96

An Opportunistic Pathogen may also be described as what?

Back 96

A Facultative Parasite.

Front 97

Define chemoheterotroph.

Back 97

Carbon & Energy from organic sources - most are non-photosynthetic organisms.

We are chemoheterotrophs.

Front 98

Name some types of Chemoheterotrophs.

Back 98

Saprobes & Parasites