Microbiology Exam 3

Front 1

pharmakeutikos

Back 1

Greek word meaning "the practice of witchcraft"
Now, pharmaceuticals

Front 2

Ancient axiom: Some remedies are ___ than the disease.

Back 2

worse

Front 3

Robert Koch

Back 3

germ theory of infection

Front 4

Paul Ehrlich

Back 4

responsible for 1st theoretical concepts of chemotherapy in late 1800's

Front 5

Gerhard Domagk

Back 5

1930's discoveries that the red dye prontosil was chemically changed by the body into sulfonamide, with specific activity against bacteria

Front 6

sulfonamide

Back 6

1st sulfa drug

Front 7

Sir Alexander Fleming

Back 7

father of modern antibiotics

Front 8

______ discovered penicillin.

Back 8

Sir Alexander Fleming

Front 9

In Fleming's 1928 lab, penicillin was discovered to inhibit ______ when a plate became contaminated with the mold _____.

Back 9

S. aureus
Penicillium notatum

Front 10

Howard Florey and Ernest Chain

Back 10

English chemists who developed methods for industrial production of penicillin to help in the war effort

Front 11

Clinical trials in ___ proved penicillin's effectiveness and cultures were brought to the U.S. for even larger scale production.

Back 11

1941

Front 12

2 causes of drug resistance

Back 12

1. extreme overuse of the drug
2. misunderstanding of drug capabilities

Front 13

How long does it take for a drug to go from discovery to therapy?

Back 13

10-25 yrs

Front 14

It costs _____ of dollars to take a drug through pipeline from discovery to therapy.

Back 14

billions

Front 15

antibiotics

Back 15

products of the fermentation pathways that occur in many bacteria and fungi

Front 16

3 ways researchers facilitate nature in production of antibiotics

Back 16

1. select mutant species that yield more abundant/useful products
2. varying growth medium
3. altering procedure for large-scale industrial production

Front 17

designer drug

Back 17

drug produced through chemical manipulation of molecules by adding/removing functional (R) groups

Front 18

semisynthetic method of drug production

Back 18

process where natural product of a microorganism is joined with various preselected functional (R) groups

Front 19

3 synthetic penicillins

Back 19

1. methicillin
2. ampicillin
3. penicillin V

Front 20

3 enhancements made through synthetic drug production

Back 20

1. resistance to penicillinase (methicillin)
2. confer broader activity spectrum (ampicillin)
3. make product acid-resistant (penicillin V)

Front 21

What's the "nucleus" of penicillin?

Back 21

aminopenicillanic acid

Front 22

3 antibiotics of which there are semisynthetic versions

Back 22

1. penicillin
2. cephalosporins
3. tetracyclines

Front 23

antibiotic nucleus

Back 23

its basic molecular framework

Front 24

________ is a fermentation product of P. chrysogenum

Back 24

penicillin G

Front 25

__% of hospital infections are caused by _________ microbes.

Back 25

60
drug-resistant

Front 26

Thousands of patients die annually in the US from infections that lack ______.

Back 26

effective drugs

Front 27

4 types of bacteria known to be drug-resistant

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1. tuberculosis
2. staphylococci
3. Gonococci
4. Salmonella

Front 28

MRSA

Back 28

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

Front 29

_______ used to treat MRSA

Back 29

vancomycin

Front 30

VISA

Back 30

vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (reduced sensitivity to vancomycin)

Front 31

VRSA

Back 31

vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

Front 32

MRSA

Back 32

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

Front 33

______ is used to treat MRSA.

Back 33

vancomycin

Front 34

VISA

Back 34

vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (reduced sensitivity)
first seen 1996

Front 35

VRSA

Back 35

vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
first seen 2002

Front 36

How are drug-resistant bacterial infections treated?

Back 36

Using other drugs, in combination, with the idea that it's unlikely that a bacteria is simultaneously resistant to multiple drugs "1-2 punch"

Front 37

Why are antimicrobials added to animal feed?

Back 37

to decrease infections and improve animal size and health

Front 38

How does animal feed result in drug-resistant infections in humans?

Back 38

Enteric bacteria normally living in animal intestines share resistance plasmids. The pathogens then jump to humans, causing drug-resistant infections, often in epidemic proportions

Front 39

4 long-term ways to combat occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria

Back 39

1. reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics
2. stop putting antibiotics in animal feed
3. increase use of vaccines
4. promote effective therapy in low-income populations

Front 40

Global travel and globalization of food products result in _____.

Back 40

rapid export of drug-resistant bacteria from developing countries

Front 41

In general, the majority of infectious diseases, whether bacterial, fungal, protozoan, or viral, are showing ___________.

Back 41

increased drug resistance

Front 42

The clinical setting is a _________ of drug-resistant strains of bacteria.

Back 42

prolific source

Front 43

2 reasons why clinical setting is full of drug-resistant bacteria

Back 43

1. pathogens are continually exposed to a variety of drugs
2. hospitals maintain patients with weakened immunity, making them highly susceptible to these pathogens

Front 44

To limit drug-resistance, physicians must do what 2 things?

Back 44

1. make accurate diagnoses
2. prescribe correct drug

Front 45

How can patients limit drug-resistance?

Back 45

by following physician's orders for taking meds (dosage, route of administration, and period of time), ensures elimination of the pathogen

Front 46

Of microbial forms, _______ have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls.

Back 46

bacterial endospores

Front 47

sterilization

Back 47

process that destroys all microorganisms and microbial forms, including bacterial endospores

Front 48

disinfection

Back 48

use of physical/chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens

Front 49

________ are the easiest microbial forms to kill/inhibit.

Back 49

vegetative bacteria/viruses

Front 50

common hospital pathogen that can grow abundantly in soap dishes

Back 50

Pseudomonas

Front 51

Dry heat is more/less efficient than moist heat.

Back 51

less

Front 52

T/F: Prions are very resistant to heat, chemicals, radiation, and do not elicit antibody formation in host.

Back 52

true

Front 53

minimum sterilizing conditions in steam autoclave

Back 53

121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes

Front 54

disinfection of beverages such as apple juice, milk, and wine is optimally achieved by _______.

Back 54

pasteurization

Front 55

4 ways microbes were controlled in ancient times

Back 55

the 4 b's
1. boiled drinking water
2. buried waste
3.burned aromatic woods in houses of the sick
4. covered bodies with oil, herbs, strong perfumes, vinegar

Front 56

3 types of methods used to destroy/reduce microbes

Back 56

1. physical agents
2. chemical agents
3. mechanical removal

Front 57

2 types physical agents used to control microbes

Back 57

1. heat
2. radiation

Front 58

2 ways chemicals are used to control microbes

Back 58

1. disinfection (inanimate objects)
2. antiseptics (body surfaces)

Front 59

Microbes are mechanically removed through the process of _______ of air/liquid.

Back 59

filtration

Front 60

sterilization

Back 60

destroys ALL viable microbes, including viruses and endospores

Front 61

disinfection

Back 61

destroys vegetative pathogens, NOT endospores (on inanimate objects)

Front 62

antiseptic

Back 62

disinfectant applied directly to body surfaces

Front 63

sanitation

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cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes

Front 64

degermination

Back 64

reduce microbial load through mechanical means such as
1. surgical hand scrub application of alcohol wipes
2. cleaning wound with antimicrobial soap

Front 65

microbial death

Back 65

permanent loss of reproductive activity, even under optimal growth conditions

Front 66

6 factors affecting microbial death rate

Back 66

1. # of microbes (higher load takes longer to kill)
2. nature of microbes (target population is mixture of bacteria, fungi, spores, and viruses)
3. temperature and pH of environment
4. concentration (dosage/intensity) of agent
5. mode of action of agent
6. presence of solvents, interfering with/inhibiting actions of disinfectants, and even heat

Front 67

7 methods of physically controlling microbes

Back 67

1. heat (moist and dry)
2. Tyndallization
3. boil water
4. pasteurization
5. cold treatment
6. desiccation
7. radiation

Front 68

microbicidal

Back 68

deadly to microbes

Front 69

microbistatic

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maintains status quo of microbial load

Front 70

Temperature above maximal growth temperature is ________, whereas temps below minimal growth temp are _________.

Back 70

microbicidal
microbistatic

Front 71

Moist heat is more ______ and requires less ____ than dry heat in the control of microbes.

Back 71

effective
time

Front 72

Moist heat coagulates and denatures ______.

Back 72

proteins

Front 73

Dry heat requires more _____ and higher ______ than moist heat in the control of microbes.

Back 73

time
temperature

Front 74

Incineration is the most ______ of all heat transactions.

Back 74

rigorous

Front 75

Furnaces/incinerators operate at temps from ______ to ______ C.

Back 75

800
6500

Front 76

Incineration reduces microbes and other substances to _____ and _____.

Back 76

ashes
gas

Front 77

When is dry oven used to control microbes?

Back 77

used on heat-resistant lab/clinic items that don't sterilize well with moist heat (ex. oil, metallic instruments that rust, powders)

Front 78

dry oven cycle

Back 78

12 mins. to 4 hrs./150 - 180°C

Front 79

autoclave cycle

Back 79

15 psi/121°C/10-40 mins.

Front 80

Autoclave uses _______ to ______ items.

Back 80

pressurized steam
sterilize

Front 81

mode of action for moist heat

Back 81

denatures protein, destroys membrane and DNA

Front 82

Tyndallization

Back 82

intermittent sterilization for substances that can't withstand autoclave

Front 83

Tyndallization cycle

Back 83

free-flowing steam exposure for 30-60 mins./incubate for 23-24 hrs./ then subject to steam again
repeat cycle for 3 days

Front 84

Does Tyndallization sterilize?

Back 84

No, but does disinfect.

Front 85

2 examples of Tyndallization

Back 85

1. canned foods
2. lab media containing sera, egg, or carbs (which break down @ high temp)

Front 86

water boiling cycle

Back 86

boil @ 100°C/30 mins.

Front 87

Boiling water destroys ______ and ______.

Back 87

non-spore-forming pathogens
staphylococci

Front 88

In pasteurization, heat is applied to kill ______ without destroying food _________.

Back 88

potential agents of infection and spoilage
flavor or value

Front 89

batch method of pasteurization

Back 89

63 - 66°C/30 mins.

Front 90

flash method of pasteurization

Back 90

71.6°C/15 sec.

Front 91

Pasteurization kills ______ pathogens and _____ overall microbial count.

Back 91

non-spore-forming
lowers

Front 92

The flash method of pasteurization destroys the _____ stages of _____% of bacteria & fungi.

Back 92

vegetative
97-99

Front 93

Flash pasteurization does not kill _______ and _______ microbes such as non-pathogenic lactobacilli, micrococci & yeast.

Back 93

endospores
thermoduric

Front 94

UHT pasteurization cycle

Back 94

134°C/1-2 sec.

Front 95

flash method pasteurized milk yields _____ microbes/mL, whereas UHT pasteurization yields ______ milk.

Back 95

20k
sterile

Front 96

Organic milk is treated by _____ pasteurization - hence, the longer shelf life.

Back 96

UHT (ultra high temp)

Front 97

The principal benefit of treating microbes with cold is to slow _____ during food ____________.

Back 97

microbial growth rate
processing & storage

Front 98

2 types of cold treatment

Back 98

1. refrigeration (4°C)
2. freezing (below 0°C)

Front 99

cold treatment preserves what 3 things

Back 99

1. food
2. media
3. cultures

Front 100

desiccation

Back 100

gradual removal of water from cells which leads to microbial inhibition

Front 101

Desiccation is/is not effective in microbial control.

Back 101

is not

Front 102

Many microbes retain the ability to grow once water is _______.

Back 102

reintroduced

Front 103

lyophilization

Back 103

freeze-drying, preservation

Front 104

2 types radiation

Back 104

1. ionizing
2. non-ionizing

Front 105

Ionizing radiation _____ DNA.

Back 105

breaks

Front 106

Non-ionizing radiation ______ chemical structure.

Back 106

changes

Front 107

Ionizing radiation ______ Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in meats.

Back 107

reduces the amount of

Front 108

_____ relies on irradiated meats for its astronauts.

Back 108

NASA

Front 109

Ionizing radiation is approved by FDA for the reduction of _____ and ______.

Back 109

E. coli
salmonella

Front 110

Ionizing radiation may be used to sterilize ________.

Back 110

medical instruments

Front 111

Non-ionizing radiation is known as __ radiation.

Back 111

UV

Front 112

Non-ionizing radiation has little/great penetrating power.

Back 112

little

Front 113

UV light creates ______ which interfere with ________.

Back 113

thymine dimers
replication

Front 114

3 antimicrobial agents that attack cell wall

Back 114

1. Penicillin
2. Detergents
3. Alcohol

Front 115

Antimicrobial agent that attacks cell membrane

Back 115

Detergent surfactant

Front 116

3 antimicrobial agents that prevent transcription & replication

Back 116

1. Radiation
2. Formaldehyde
3. Ethylene oxide

Front 117

4 antimicrobial agents that interfere with ribosome to prevent translation and disrupt/denature proteins

Back 117

1. Alcohols
2. Phenols
3. Acid
4. Heat

Front 118

2 microbes with highest resistance

Back 118

1. Prions
2. Bacterial endospores

Front 119

Prions are very resistant to ------, ------, and ----, and do not elicit -------- in host.

Back 119

Chemicals, radiation, heat
Antibody formation

Front 120

4 microbes moderately resistant

Back 120

1. Pseudomonas
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3. Staphylococcus aureus
4. Protozoan cysts

Front 121

5 microbes with least resistance

Back 121

1. Bacterial vegetative cells
2. Fungi
3. Yeast
4. Enveloped viruses
5. Protozoan trophozoites

Front 122

Lymphatics

Back 122

Network of valves vessels carrying lymph from capillaries to superior vena cava

Front 123

Lymphatic fluid constitutes about ---% of all vascular fluid.

Back 123

10

Front 124

Lymph nodes

Back 124

Filter lymph

Front 125

2 glands of immune system

Back 125

1. Spleen
2. Thymus

Front 126

3 cell types in lymph

Back 126

1. WBC
2. Lymphocytes
3. Macrophages

Front 127

2 types of lymphocytes in lymph

Back 127

1. B cells
2. T cells

Front 128

Macrophage

Back 128

Captures & degrades bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris

Front 129

3 things attacked by the immune response

Back 129

1. Pathogens
2. Cancer cells
3. Transplanted cells

Front 130

T cells present ---- and give signal to ---- to produce -----.

Back 130

Antigens
B cells
Antibodies

Front 131

5 types of immunopathology

Back 131

1. Immediate
2. Autoimmunity
3. Immune complex
4. Immunodeficiency
5. Cancer

Front 132

Hypersensitivity

Back 132

Overreaction to antigens

Front 133

Allergy results in ---------.

Back 133

Inflammation

Front 134

Type I, II, And III hyper sensitivities involve ------------.

Back 134

B cell immunoglobulin response

Front 135

Type IV hypersensitivity involves -------.

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T cell response

Front 136

Type I allergic reaction has ------- onset in response to a specific -----.

Back 136

Immediate
Antigen

Front 137

Type I - 2 levels of severity

Back 137

1. Atopy
2. Anaphylaxis

Front 138

Atopy

Back 138

Any chronic local allergy i.e. hay fever, asthma

Front 139

Anaphylaxis involves ------ and ------.

Back 139

Airway obstruction
Circulatory collapse

Front 140

Allergic persons exhibit -------------.

Back 140

A combo of syndromes - hay fever, skin itching, asthma

Front 141

4 treatments for Type I hypersensitivity

Back 141

1. Corticosteroid
2. Monoclonal antibodies
3. Blocking mast cell receptors
4. Antihistamines

Front 142

Type II hypersensitivity occurs within -------.

Back 142

Hours

Front 143

3 examples of Type II hypersensitivity

Back 143

1. Complement-assisted destruction
2. Transfusion reactions
3. Organ donations

Front 144

Type III hypersensitivities

Back 144

Reaction of soluble antigen with antibody and deposition of resulting complexes in basement membranes of epithelial tissue