Microbiology Exam 1 Set 3

Front 1

___ are particulary effective against viruses with RNA genomes

Back 1

interferons

they activate NK cells

Front 2

what are the three classes of interferons?

Back 2

alpha, beta, gamma

Front 3

what is a nonspecific response to tissue damage resulting from various causes

characterized by redness, heat, swelling and pain

Back 3

inflammation

Front 4

what are the two types of inflammation?

Back 4

acute and chronic

Front 5

what makes the heat that is involved with inflammation?>

Back 5

IL-1

Front 6

___ is:

-develops quickly and is short lived
-usually beneficial
-important in the second line of defense

Back 6

acute inflammation

Front 7

t/f

chronic inflammation can not cause damage to tissues

Back 7

false, chronic inflammation can cause damage to tissues

Front 8

a body temperature above ___*C is considered a fever

Back 8

37*C

Front 9

fevers result from chemicals called ___

Back 9

pyrogens

Front 10

fever production:

IL-1 production causes the __(1)__(part of brain) to secrete _(2)__ which resets the hypothalamic 'thermostat"

Back 10

1- hypothalamus
2-prostaglandins

Front 11

fever production:

communication with the brain initiates ___, ___, and ___ which raise the body's temperature

Back 11

muscle contractions, increased metabolic activity, and constriction of blood vessels

Front 12

fever production:

decrease in ___ production results in the body's temp returning to normal

Back 12

IL-1

Front 13

these are types of ___

-bacterial toxins
-cytoplasmic contents of vacterial released by lysis
antibody-antigen complexes
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Back 13

pyrogens

Front 14

Chills associated with fever are due to the ____

Back 14

reduced blood flow of constricted vessels

Front 15

benefits of fever:

-enhances the effects of ___
-inhibits growth of some microorganisms

Back 15

interferons

Front 16

Benefits of fever:

-may enhance the performance of ___, ___, and the process of ___

Back 16

phagocytes, cells of specific immunity, and the process of tissue repair

Front 17

two types of immunity:

Innate (__(1)___) immunity

Acquired (____(2)___) immunity

Back 17

1-natural
2-adaptive

Front 18

Third line of Defense:

is called ___ immunity

Back 18

specific immunity

Front 19

t/f
the third line of defense is acquired over time

Back 19

true

Front 20

t/f

NK cells as well as B and T lymphocytes are included in the third line of defense

Back 20

false, only B and T cells

Front 21

___ are molecules that trigger a specific immune response

Back 21

antigens

Front 22

Antigens enter the body through various methods including :____ ,____ and____

Back 22

through breaks in the skin and mucous membranes

direct injection with a bite or needle

through organ transplant and skin grafts

Front 23

t/f

dust can not contain antigenic particles

Back 23

true

Front 24

___ is the portion of the antigen bound by the antibody

Back 24

epitope

Front 25

____ arise and mature in the Red bone marrow

Back 25

B lymphocytes (which produce antibodies when activated into plasma cells)
(when antibodies see an antigen, they become activated through plasma cells)

Front 26

B lymphocytes are primarily found in the ___ , ____, ____, and ____

Back 26

spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, and peyer's patches

Front 27

what is the major funtion of B-lymphocytes

Back 27

secretion of antibodies

-also called immunoglobulin soluble protein secreted by plasma cells against exogenous Ag
-main player in humoral immune system

Front 28

B-cells are activated in several hours after being exposed to the antigen

t/f

Back 28

false- B-cells are activated in several days

Front 29

plasma cells are short or long lived?

Back 29

short lived, (memory cells are long lived)

both plasma cells and memory cells are

Front 30

what is antigenic determinants?

Back 30

I don't know!!!!!!!! it is different from the epitope though and the epitope is the portion of the antigen that is bound by the antibody

Front 31

t/f

antibody binding marka invaders for attack by other imune system components

Back 31

true

Front 32

t/f

antibody binding activate complement and aid phagocytosis (opsonization)

Back 32

true

Front 33

t/f

antibody binding does not stimulate inflamation

Back 33

false, antibody binding does stimulate inflammation

Front 34

Fab or Fc are the antigen binding site?

Back 34

Fab

Front 35

Fab of Fc is the variable region?

Back 35

Fab (binds to antigen)

Front 36

what kind of bonds are involved in the structure of antibodies?

Back 36

disulfide bonds

Front 37

what enzyme digests IgG?

Back 37

papain

Front 38

is the Fc or the Fab important for opsonization?

Back 38

Fc

Front 39

the enzyme Papain digests __

Back 39

IgG

Front 40

what antibody is the first to appear after infection?

Back 40

IgM

Front 41

what antibody is the major circulating antibody?

Back 41

IgG

Front 42

what antibody is the major antibody in secretions?

Back 42

IgA

Front 43

what antibody is involved in allergic reactions?

Back 43

IgE

Front 44

___ is an antibody that remains associated with the cytoplasmic membrane

Back 44

B cell receptors (BCR)

Front 45

t/f

Each B lymphocyte has multiple copies of a single type of BCR

Back 45

true

Front 46

the generated antibody ____ region determines the BCR ( it is not formed in response to antigens)

Back 46

antibody variable region

Front 47

____ produced by activated APCs and also stimulates T helper cells and B-cells

Back 47

IL-1

Front 48

____ are produced by leukocytes and are antiviral that acts on normal cells

Back 48

Interferon - alpha

Front 49

____ are produced by activating T-helper cells and they also stimulate B, Cytotoxic T cells, and T helper cells

Back 49

IL-2

Front 50

____ are produced by macrophages and NK and are cytotoxic to tumor cells

Back 50

tumor necrosis factor- alpha

Front 51

IL-1 are produced by ___ and stimulate __ cells and ___ cells

Back 51

IL-1 are produced by *** APCs*** and stimulate ***T-helper** cells and ***B-cells*** cells

Front 52

IL-2 are produced by activated ______and stimulate ___,___, and ____

Back 52

IL-2 are produced by activated **T-helper cells*** and stimulate **B, Cytotoxic T cells, and T helper cells)

Front 53

Interferon-alpha produce ____

Back 53

leukocytes

Front 54

t/f
Interferon-alpha are cytotoxic to tumor cells

Back 54

false

Tumor-necrosis factor-alpha are cytotoxic to tumor cells

Front 55

t/f

tumor necrosis factor are antiviral that acts on normal cells

Back 55

false,

Interferon- alpha are antiviral that acts on normal cells

Front 56

what stimulate B, Cytotoxic T cells, and T helper cells

Back 56

IL-2

Front 57

Two types of Acquired (adaptive) immunity:

___ immunity is mediated y antibodies prduced by B-cells

Back 57

Humoral Immunity

Front 58

t/f

humoral immunity is primarily directed against intracellular pathogens

Back 58

false

humoral immunity is primarily directed against ***extracellular*** pathogens

Front 59

Two types of Acquired (adaptive) immunity:

include ___ and ____

Back 59

Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

Front 60

4 examples of B cell receptors (which is an antibody that remains associated with the cytoplasmic membrane) are:

Back 60

IL-1 , IL-2 , interferon-alpha , and tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Front 61

Two types of Acquired (adaptive) immunity:

___ immunity is mediated by cells of the immune system

Back 61

cell-mediated immunity
Two types of Acquired (adaptive) immunity:

****Cell-mediated immunity**** is mediated by cells of the immune system


-altered self cells
-cells infected with viruses
-intracellular bacteria, and
-cancer cells

Front 62

Humoral immune response

the body mounts humoral immune resopnses against exogenous or indogenous pathogens?

Back 62

exogenous

Front 63

what are the components of a humoral immune response?
____, ____

Back 63

-B cells activated and clonal selection

- memory B cells and the establishment of immunological memory

Front 64

what are the 4 functions of B-cells?

Back 64

antibody production, immune memory, antigen presentation, and produce cytokines(local communication between Bcells)

Front 65

Antigen presenting cells process antigen and present it to ___

Back 65

T-helper cells

Front 66

memory B cells and the establishment of immunological memory is a component of _____

Back 66

humoral immune response

Front 67

__ cell activation and clonal selection is a component of a humoral immune response

Back 67

B cell activation

along with memory B cells and the establishment of immunological memory

Front 68

___ are produced in the red bone marrow and mature in the thymus

Back 68

t-lymphocytes

Front 69

antibody production, immune memory, antigen presentation, and producing cytokines are all functions of ___

Back 69

B-cells

Front 70

T-lymphocytes circulate in the lymph and blood and micrade to the ___, ___ and ____

Back 70

lymphnodes, spleen, and peyer's patches

just like B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes both are produced in the red bone marrow but the T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus and the B-lymphocytes matue in the red bone marrow

Front 71

t/f

T-lymphocytes do not attack bacteria, they attack infected cells

Back 71

true

Front 72

___ are distiguished by the CD-8 cell surface glycoprotein

-directly kill certain cells

Back 72

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 73

___ are distiguished by CD4 cell-surface glycoproteins

Back 73

Helper -T cells

Front 74

____ circulate in the lymph and blood and migrate to the lymphnodes, spleen and peyer's patches

Back 74

T-lymphocytes

Front 75

Helper T-cells function to help regulate the activities of ___ and ___ cells during an immune response

Back 75

B cells and cytotoxic T-cells

Front 76

____ cells are non specific killer cells

___ cells are specific killer cells

Back 76

NK cells are non-specific
and
cytotoxic T-cells are specific

Front 77

____secrete various soluble proteins messengers, called cytokines, that determine which immune response will be activated

Back 77

T-helper cells

Front 78

Cytotoxic T-cells are distiguished by ___

Back 78

CD8 cell-surface glycoproteins