Microbiology Exam 1 Material

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Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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First to observe microorganisms (animalcules)

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Louis Pasteur

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Father of Microbiology; Pasteurization / Fermentation, Spontaneous Generation, vaccinated with attenuated (avirulent) organism

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Robert Koch

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proved that microorganisms cause disease (Germ Theory of Disease)

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Koch's Postulates

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1. A specific organism can always be associated with disease.
2. The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. The organism will cause disease when injected into a susceptible host
4. It is possible to recover the organism from an injected host

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Joseph Lister

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aseptic technique

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Edward Jenner

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developed vaccine against smallpox

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Paul Ehrlich

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Salversan to treat syphilis (Treponema pallidum)

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Sulfa Drugs

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any sulfur-containing drug molecule (antibacterial sulfonamides). many people are allergic to these!

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Alexander Fleming

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discovered penicillin

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Why identify microorganisms?

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- Medical (curing disease)
- Industrial (wine, champagne, etc.)

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Bright-field Compound Light Microscope

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dark specimen / object seen against a light source (used typically in clinical lab)

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Dark-field Compound light Microscope

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Observe some bacteria that are live (some bacteria are damaged thru staining)

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Flourescent Compound Light Microscopes

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Similar to bright field, except the light source is UV. Specimen MUST be reacted with dye before being observed

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Total magnification

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Ocular lens (eyepiece - 10x) x Objective lens (4x, 10x, 40x, 100x)

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Electron microscope

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Used to visualize viruses. NOT a compound microscope - 100,000x - 400,000x magnification

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In E.Coli O157:H7, what does the O stand for? What does the H stand for?

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The O refers to the somatic antigen number (serotype) and the H stands for the flagella antigen. The O also means "onre Hauch" (without breath)

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Simple stain

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Good for observing morphology. All bacterial cells are stained the same color.

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Differential stain

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Used to examine morphological features. Involves exposing cells to more than one stain

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Gram negative cells

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thin cell wall that is red or pink in appearance; many G- bacteria are pathogenic due to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) / endotoxin layer present in their cell walls.

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Grame positive cells

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thick cell wall, purple/violet in appearance.

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Gram stain

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1. Heat fix specimen
2. Add Crystal Violet
3. Add Iodine (mordant)
4. Alcohol
5. Safranin (counterstain)

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Acid-fast stain

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Used to detect microorganisms with a WAXY substance in the cell wall (stains red). Useful for detecting Mycobacterium

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Negative Stain

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used to determine presence of a capsule

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Prokaryote

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bacterial cell / archaea. Prenuclear (no membrane / internal membrane), simplest type of cell (70S ribosomes)

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Eukaryote

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protozoa, fungi, plants, etc. True nucleus, internal membranes & organelles. (80S ribosomes)

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Flagella

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hair-like appendages that help bacteria move (requires ATP for movement). Not all bacteria have this.

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Fimbriae

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used for attachment. *w/o fimbriae, they cannot attach and cause disease*

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Pili

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structure used in exchange of genetic material. *bacterial can obtain antibiotic resistance this way!*

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Glycocalyx (2 layers)

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1. slime layer - difuse. external to bacteria, can be used for attachment / to trap nutrients
2. capsule - distinct. used for adherence and protection from phagocytosis. improves protection & increases virulence.

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Cell wall

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Peptigoglycan layers - unique to prokaryotes, NOT in eukaryotes

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Diffusion

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spontaneous movement of particles; requires no energy

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Active transport

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requires energy (ATP)

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Cytoplasm

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matrix of the cell. all chemical reactions take place here

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Nuclear area

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no nuclear membrane; contains DNA in a single circular chromosome

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Plasmid

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extra pieces of DNA. Codes for resistance factors (to antibiotics; acquired through mutation) & virulence factors

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Ribosomes

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site of new protein synthesis. 70S in prokaryotes, 80S in eukaryotes

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Inclusion bodies

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accumulation of nutrients, generally proteins

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Endospores

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allow bacteria to survive unfavorable environments. Protects the cell from drying out. Not all bacteria form spores. *most resistant structure known!*

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Cell wall in eukaryotes

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Chitin in fungi, Cellulose in plants

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Nucleus

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location of genetic material (DNA). 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). DNA is enclosed within a nuclear envelope

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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Series of membranes throughout the cell. Sites for protein synthesis. Often dotted with ribosomes

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Golgi complex

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series of stacked membranes assoc. with the ER. the "FedEX/UPS" of the cell (package macromolecules such as lipds & proteins that are synthesized by the cell)

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Mitochondria

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powerhouse of the cell. Organelle where animal cells manufacture energy in the form of ATP. *NOT IN PROKARYOTES, BUT THEY UTILIZE ATP*

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Lysosomes

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stomach of the cell (digests thins)

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Transverse Binary Fission

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bacterial reproduction by division into 2 identical daughter cells

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Biofilms

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bacteria that grow in "communities (ex. dental plaque)

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Generation Time

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the period it takes for an individual bacterial cell to divide

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lag phase

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(1)(A) bacteria are getting used to their environment

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log phase

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(2)(B) exponential growth phase

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stationary phase

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(3)(C) exhausted nutrients; bacteria produce a lot of waste (acid)

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death phase

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(4)(D) logarithmic decline phase; environment is shot

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Physical requirements for microbial growth

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temperature, pH (most grow best at or near a NEUTRAL pH of 7.0), osmotic pressure

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Chemical requirements for microbial growth

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carbon, oxygen, salts and trace elements

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Mesophiles

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"moderate-temperature loving microbes" - includes medically-important bacteria (20-40C --> 98.6F body temp)

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Psychrophiles

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(archaea) "cold-loving microbes"; grow best at 20C or less

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Thermophiles

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(archaea) "heat-loving microbes"; grow best at 40 and 70C

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Osmotic pressure

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related to environmental salt (or other solute) concentrations, usually referring to high concentrations. high salt = high osmotic pressure [bacteria hate this]

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Chemoheterotrophic

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bacteria that obtain carbon from the breakdown of organic compounds. medically-important bacteria tend to be chemoheterotrophic

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Chemoautotrophic

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bacteria that obtain carbon from CO2 or HCO3 (bicarbonate) - inorganic compounds

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Obligate aerobes

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can only grow in the presence of oxygen

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Obligate anaerobes

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killed in the presence of oxygen

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Facultative anaerobes

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can grow in EITHER aerobic or anaerobic conditions, but PREFER anaerobic conditions

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Microaerophilic

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grow best in small amounts of oxygen

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Aerotolerant anaerobes

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can tolerate oxygen but grow poorly in it; cannot utilize oxygen for growth

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Liquid media

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liquid-containing nutrients required for bacterial growth

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Complex media

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type of liquid media; contains all possible nutrients that allow bacteria to grow (very complex) *junk media*

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Defined media

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type of liquid media; sterile water + some nutrients (you know exactly what's in it)

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Solid media

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agar media on petri plate

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Selective media

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helps select for the growth of a particular bacteria while SUPPRESSING the growth of other bacteria

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Differential media

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media with added substances to enable easier identification of bacterial species that are growing on the same petri dish

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MacConkey agar

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solid, selective (for G- bacteria) AND differential (lactose fermenters)
Lac+ - lowers pH below 6.8, red/pink colonies
Lac- - raises pH, colorless colonies

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Blood agar

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Enriched, differential media to detect hemolysis

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Metabolism

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the sum of all the chemical rxns that take place within a cell

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Catabolic

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BREAKDOWN of complex organic compounds ending with simple compounds. Releases E.

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Anabolic

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FORMS complex compounds from simple compounds. Requires input of E.

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Activation Site

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the site on the enzyme where the substrate binds. competitive inhibitors can also bind at this site.

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Cofactor (coenzyme)

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non-protein component of an enzyme - small compounds such as vitamins or trace elements

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Competitive inhibitors

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molecules that compete with the substrate molecules for the active site on the enzyme

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Noncompetitive inhibitors

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molecules that compete for a site other than the substrate binding site of the enzyme - when the allosteric site is filled, the active site changes shape, making it nonfunctional

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NADH

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reduced form of NAD+; necessary for E production. Stores electrons that can later be used to produce ATP in the electron transport chain (in mitochondria). able to donate electrons to REDUCE compounds during anabolic processes

NAD+ + 2e + H+ ---> NADH (reduced)

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Fermentation

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anaerobic process by which bacteria produce E in the ABSENCE of oxygen (alcohol production). final e- receptors are organic compounds

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Respiration

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aerobic process where nutrients are oxidized. final e- (O2) receptors are inorganic compounds

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Glycolysis

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the oxidation of glc. to pyruvic acid. used in respiration and fermentation. pyruvic acid is then broken down into other compounds.

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TCA Cycle

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breakdown of pyruvic acid into CO2 and H2O. Generates *1* ATP, *4* NADH and *1* FADH per turn. each NADH = 3 ATP in the e- transport chain. each FADH = 2 ATP in the e- transport chain. as a result = 38 ATP!

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ATP

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ATP is used to store E. Microorganisms use stored E for heat production, motility, transport of nutrients to cell, and anabolic rxns such as synthesis of macromolecules

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Taxonomy

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classification of living things

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3 domains

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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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King Philip Came Over From Germany Saturday

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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species