Microbiology Exam 1

Front 1

Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Back 1

prokaryote ribosomes= 70s

eukaryote ribosomes= 80s

Front 2

What is a virus?

Back 2

infects host and cannot live without the host

Front 3

Microbiology

Back 3

the study of living things too small to see without magnification

Front 4

Virology

Back 4

study of viruses

Front 5

Mycology

Back 5

study of fungi and yeasts

Front 6

Parasitology

Back 6

study of protozoan, worms, and ameoba

Front 7

Pasteur

Back 7

-disproved spontaneous sickness

-developed germ theory

Front 8

Listeur

Back 8

disinfectants

Front 9

Flemming

Back 9

discovered penicillin

Front 10

Leewenhoek

Back 10

invented microscope

Front 11

Koch

Back 11

-created Koch's postulates

-proved germ theory

Front 12

Semmelwies

Back 12

came up with idea to wash your hands before surgery

Front 13

Defined vs. complex media

Back 13

complex media is more nutritious and used clinically

Front 14

Selective property

Back 14

allows some things to grow but not others

Front 15

Differential property

Back 15

lets everything grow but makes them all look different in order to differentiate between them

Front 16

General purpose media

Back 16

grows everything

Front 17

Enriched media

Back 17

grows organisms that need a lot help ("picky")

Front 18

Pure culture

Back 18

only one organism

Front 19

Colony

Back 19

a single, genetically identical group of organisms

Front 20

Aseptic technique

Back 20

putting your culture only where you want it and putting only what you want in it

Front 21

Fastidious

Back 21

picky; needs extra growth enrichment

Front 22

Smallest to largest organisms and what they are measured in

Back 22

virus (nm), bacteria (um), fungi (mm), protozoa (mm)

Front 23

Positive and negative staining

Back 23

-positive: color sticks to organism; background is white

-negative: color sticks to background; organism is white

Front 24

Acid-fast bacteria and how it stains

Back 24

-tuberculosis (pink)

-everything else (blue)

Front 25

Endospore stain

Back 25

spores stain green; everything else stains red

Front 26

SEM vs. TEM

Back 26

- scanning= surface

-transmission= through

Front 27

Monotrichous

Back 27

single flagellum

Front 28

Lophotrichous

Back 28

small bunches or tufts of flagella

Front 29

Amphitrichous

Back 29

flagella at both poles of cell

Front 30

Peritrichous

Back 30

flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

Front 31

Pili

Back 31

used for bacterial sex

Front 32

Fimbrae

Back 32

used for attachment

Front 33

Capsule vs slime layer

Back 33

-capsule: dense, thick, and attached

-slime layer: loose and not attached

Front 34

Biofilm

Back 34

-mixed communities of bacteria that are attached to a surface and each other

-make infections harder to treat

Front 35

What is in peptidoglycan?

Back 35

NAM, NAG, and peptide cross links

Front 36

LPS

Back 36

only in gram negative bacteria

VERY bad for your body, if you overreact to it you could die!

Front 37

L0S

Back 37

only in gram negative bacteria

not as bad as LPS

Front 38

Plasmids

Back 38

contain only nonessential DNA

Front 39

What type of bacteria make spores?

Back 39

ONLY gram positive rods

Front 40

Germination

Back 40

turning a spore into a cell

Front 41

Vegetative cell

Back 41

regular bacterial cell

Front 42

Fungal cell wall

Back 42

thick, dense, and made of chitin

Front 43

Ancestry of mitochondria

Back 43

believed mitochondria were the earliest bacteria

Front 44

What does asexual vs sexual reproduction produce?

Back 44

-asexual: spores

-sexual: zygospores

Front 45

"Fungi imperfecti"

Back 45

dimorphic

Front 46

Yeast vs mold

Back 46

-yeasts reproduce by budding

-molds reproduce by spores

Front 47

Protozoa stages

Back 47

-cyst: infection stage (non-feeding)

-trophozoite: feel symptoms from this stage (feeding)

Front 48

How are protozoa identified?

Back 48

ova and parasite exam

Front 49

Helminth

Back 49

parasitic worm (measured in meters)

Front 50

How are they identified?

Back 50

high eosinophils in blood and eggs seen in stool

Front 51

Heterotroph

Back 51

nutritionally dependent on other living things (we are chemoheterotrophs)

Front 52

Saprobe

Back 52

organism that feeds on matter from dead organisms

Front 53

Osmosis

Back 53

movement of water

Front 54

Psychrophiles

Back 54

optimum growing in fridge temps

Front 55

Mesophile

Back 55

optimum growth at body temp

Front 56

Thermophile

Back 56

optimum growth at high temps

Front 57

Lag phase

Back 57

flat period of growth

Front 58

Exponential growth phase

Back 58

growth increases dramatically

Front 59

Stationary growth phase

Back 59

cell birth and death rates are equal

Front 60

Death phase

Back 60

cell death rates faster than cell birth rates

Front 61

Constitutive enzyme

Back 61

enzyme that is always present (regardless of substrate concentration)

Front 62

Regulated enzyme

Back 62

production is turned on or off in response to change in concentration of substrate

Front 63

Competitive inhibition

Back 63

add a substance that binds and blocks enzymes from binding to the active site

Front 64

Noncompetitive inhibition

Back 64

product binds to area to change shape of active site to stop the enzyme from binding

Front 65

Oxidation and Reduction of NAD

Back 65

NAD+ is oxidized; NADH is reduced

Front 66

Ins and outs of glycolysis

Back 66

-put in: glucose

-get out: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Front 67

Where does pyruvate come from?

Back 67

glycolysis

Front 68

Where does pyruvate go?

Back 68

-aerobic: turns to acetyl CoA

-fermentation: turns to acids or alcohols