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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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know microscopic vs. macroscopic |
microscopic cannot be seen with the naked eye
macroscopic can be seen with the naked eye |
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what is the definition of abiogenesis? |
"it arises spontaneously from the vital force" |
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what are the major differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
eukaryotes have a true nucleus
prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; they have a "nucleoid region" |
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who is Jenner |
a doctor who developed a vaccine against smallpox (cowpox --> happy accident) |
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who is Pasteur |
the father of microbiology!
germ theory, aseptic techniques, staining techniques, wine maker, disproves abiogenesis, developed vaccine against rabies |
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who is Koch |
German MD who identifies anthrax, TB, cholera; used agar to grow bacteria |
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who is Lister |
surgeon who developed antiseptic surgical techniques using carboxylic acid (Listerine) |
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who is Flemming |
he had fungus growing in his petri dish, but was not able to isolate penicillin |
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who is van Leeuwenhoek |
lens maker who gave us the microscope! he was the first to observe bacteria |
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what is the correct taxonomic order |
KPCOFGS
Kinky People Cry Out For Great Sex
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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what are Koch's postulates |
a. the microorganism must be found in every case of the disease
b. the microorganism is isolated in pure culture
c. cultured microorganism is introduced into healthy experimental animals (rats) and they must show signs of the disease
d. same original microorganism is isolated from the experimental animal |
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what happened in the Golden Age |
ID'd first bacteria (anthrax)
pasteurization
smallpox vaccine
sterilization of surgical instruments (aseptic technique)
use of agar to grow bacteria
Koch's postulates |
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what happened in the Modern Age |
antibiotic era
discovery of penicillin
sulfa drugs
antibiotics
virology
molecular biology
immunology
genetic engineering |
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what is the five kingdom system that Whitaker propsed |
fungi animalia protista plantae prokaryota |
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how do sarcodines get around |
amoeboid movement via pseudopods (false feet) |
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how do cilophorans get around |
cilia |
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how do mastigophoras get around |
flagella |
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how do sporozoans get around |
no motion; parasites |
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subkingdom Algae phylum Chlorophora |
green algae |
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subkingdom Algae phylum Chryophyta |
golden algae |
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subkingdom algae phylum Rhodophyta |
red algae |
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subkingdom Algae phylum Phaeophyta |
brown algae |
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subkingdom Algae phylum Pyrophyta |
fire algae |
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subkingdom Algae phylum Euglenophyta |
planktonic algae |
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subkingdom Algae phylum Dinoflagelates |
? |
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major characteristics of kingdom Prokaryota (monera) |
unicellular
consist of 20 bacterial groups, based on cetrain characteristics |
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major characteristics of kingdom Protista |
eukaryotic
most are unicellular (single-celled) |
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major characteristics of kingdom Fungi (myceteae) |
eukaryotic
most are multicellular
heterotrophic -- no photosynthesis
many are decomposers
about 100,000 species
10-15 cause disease in humans (ie. yeast) |
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major characteristics of kingdom Plantae |
eukaryotic
multicellular
autotrophic -- photosynthetic
have a cell wall |
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major characteristics of kingdom Animalia |
eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic -- no photosynthesis
no cell wall |
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what are characteristics of nematodes (aschelminthes) and what are some examples? |
roundworms!
they have separate sexes, complete digestive systems, intestinal and blood infections
examples: guinea worm, pin worm (Enterobius vermincularis) and Trichinella spiralis |
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what are cocci? |
round, sphere shaped bacteria |
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what are bacilli? |
rod shaped bacteria |
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what are spirilla? |
spiral shaped bacteria |
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what arrangement is strepto |
chains |
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what arrangement is staph |
clusters |
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what arrangement is diploid |
2 |
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what does phototaxic mean? |
movement toward (+) or away from (-) light |
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what does pleomorphic mean? |
many shapes |
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what does monomorphic mean? |
one shape |
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what does chemotaxis mean? |
movement toward (+) or away from (-) a chemical |
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what is atrichous? |
no flagella |
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what is monotrichous? |
one flagella |
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what is lophotrichous? |
more than one flagella, at one or both ends |
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what is apitrichous? |
a flagella at each end |
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what is peritrichous? |
flagella all around |
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what is a pilus and what does it do? |
it is found almost exclusively on Gram negative bacteria and it is used to transport a plasmid and also to join two bacterial cells before conjugation |
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what are the differences between a capsule and a slime layer? |
capsule is highly organized, firmly attached to cell wall, and is thick
slime layer is unorganized, loosely attached to cell wall, and is thin |
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what is a peptidoglycan layer made of? |
bricks: N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) and N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)
the mortar: tetrapeptides |
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what is the Gram staining protocol? what should you expect? |
1. stain with crystal violet (primary stain) for one minute
2. rinse with water
3. add Gram's iodine
4. destain with 95% EtOH (ethanol) -- the alcohol dissolves the lipid layer in Gram negative bacteria and washes out crystal violet; thick wall in Gram positive prevents alcohol penetration
5. rinse with water
6. counterstain with safranin --> Gram positive are red, Gram negative are purple |
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how do you correctly write a genus and species name? |
Genus species (italicized on a computer or underlined if hand written) |
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what are the functions of a cell membrane |
it functions as a semi-permeable barrier, transports proteins, involved in metabolism |
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what genus of bacteria produce spores? |
Bacillus spp. and Clostridium Spp.
& Sporosarcina |
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what is the structure of Gram - bacteria? |
thin layer of peptidoglycan (about 10% of Gram +)
contains additional layer of lipids (lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, phospholipid) |
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what is the structure of Gram + bacteria? |
thick peptidoglycan layer, contains teichoic acid, tends to be rigid |
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characteristics of kingdom protista subkingdom protozoa |
***heterotrophic -- no photosynthesis***
divided into phyla based upon type of locomotion
found in soil, water, and in higher forms of life (parasites and commensals)
about 65,000 species
few cause disease in humans |
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characteristics of kingdom protista subkingdom algae |
***autotrophic -- photosynthetic***
most are unicellular
some form colonies
can reproduce sexually or asexually |
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what are cestodes? |
tapeworms |
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what are trematodes? |
liver flukes |
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tell me about what malaria |
it's a protozoan
it matures in the liver then attacks red blood cells
it's the leading cause of death in many developing countries
Anopheles mosquito
diagnosis via blood smear
cyclic fever, headache, sweats, chills, vomiting
Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly of the 5 species that cause malaria |
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tell me about trypanosomiasis |
it's a protozoan
African Sleeping Sickness
Tsetse fly! --> bites you, enters lymphatic system and goes into blood stream
during second stage of infection, the parasite invades brain and attacks CNS
Trypanosoma brucei |
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tell me about tinea pedis |
it's a fungus
aerobic extracellular digestion/metabolism
port of entry = feet
red, itchy scales
use enzyme keratinase -- invades superficial keratin of the skin
swimming pools, showers, foot baths, locker rooms |
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tell me about Histoplasmosis |
it's a fungi
"Ohio Valley Fever"
port of entry: inhalation of spores (respiratory tract)
feces (bird & bat) --> people inhale spores
Histoplasma sporalis |
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tell me about Trichinellosis |
it's a roundworm
dimorphic (separate males and females)
GI tract via mouth
larvae invade intestinal wall --> blood stream --> muscle tissue
steroids to reduce inflammation
Trichinella spiralis |
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tell me about beef tapeworms |
it's a flatworm
Taenia saginata
very little symptoms
all it takes is one cyst
diagnosis via fecal smear or fecal flotation
cyst travels to intestinal tract and hatches into a larvae, larvae develops and its scolex (head) burrows into intestinal lining (anchoring worm)
immunoevasive (wears a coat so immune system can't detect it as well) |
