Microbiology Exam 1

Front 1

Acellular organisms

Back 1

Fully dependent on host for existence.

"Non-living" and borderline qualified to be called an organism.

Ex: Prions and Viruses

Front 2

Prion

Back 2

Infectious agent composed of protein.

Known diseases are untreatable and fatal.

Front 3

Prokaryotic Organism

Back 3

Single-celled organism.

No nucleus or mitochondria.

All components are within the cell membrane/plasma membrane.

Ex: Archaea and bacteria

Front 4

Eukaryotic Organisms

Back 4

Any organism with a nucleus and other membrane-bound structures.

Contains many unicellular organisms.

Contains all multi-cellular organisms.

Micro Ex: Fungi, protozoa, algae

Macro Ex: Plants and animals

Front 5

Antonie van LeeuWenhoek

Back 5

c. 1600's Dutch scientist.

Commonly called "Father of Microbiology" and considered 1st microbiologist.

Made improvements on the microscope.

First to observe micro-organisms. "Animalcules"

Did drawings and wrote down observations.

Front 6

Edward Jenner

Back 6

c. 1700's physician and scientist.

Discovered vaccine for smallpox, using cowpox.

Front 7

Joseph Listier

Back 7

c. 1800's British surgeon .

Pioneer of antiseptic surgery.

Promoted idea of sterile surgery.

Front 8

Louis Pasteur

Back 8

c. 1800's French chemist & microbiologist.

Known for:

1st vaccines for rabies & anthrax.

Life creates life; cellular division.

Pasteurization for milk and wine.

Popularly known as "Father of Microbiology."

Front 9

Robert Koch

Back 9

c. 1800's German physician & microbiologist.

Founder of modern bacteriology.

Named several bacteria.

Improved laboratory techniques.

Developed principles for linking specific microorganisms to specific diseases.

Cholera and TB research.

Front 10

Walther Hesse

Back 10

Developed Augar as a medium for culturing microorganisms (used in petri dishes).

Front 11

Alexander Fleming

Back 11

c. 18-1900's Scottish biologist & pharmacologist.

Bad methodology.

Discovered penicillin while growing staphylococcus in petri dishes.

Front 12

Selman Waksman

Back 12

c. 1900's Ukranian biochemist & microbiologist.

Discovered streptomycin which is effective against TB.

Front 13

Compound Microscope

Back 13

Multiple lenses.

Condenser, oil immersion, objective, & ocular lenses.

1000x max magnification

Can see as small as 100 nm organism.

Res = .5(lambdah/Na) = nm

Front 14

Coccus

Back 14

Spherical-shaped bacteria

Front 15

Bacillus

Back 15

Rod-shaped bacteria

Front 16

Spirillium

Back 16

Spiral-shaped bacteria

Front 17

Gram Stain Positive (GM+)

Back 17

Blue-purple

Front 18

Gram Stain Negative (GM-)

Back 18

Red-pink

Front 19

Decolorization for stain

Back 19

Acetone or alcohol

Front 20

Acid-fast

Back 20

Resistance to decolorization by acids during staining.

Need more in-depth testing than regular staining.

Front 21

Mycobacterium

Back 21

GM-

Aerobic!

Cause of TB.

Acid-fast bacteria.

Front 22

Endospore

Back 22

A reduced dormant structure produced by a bacteria that is non-reproductive, containing DNA and ribosomes.

Can revive centuries later.

Very few bacteria can make it; usually large bacteria.

Heat resistant (to boiling water)

Ex: Bacillus and Clostridium

Front 23

Bacillus anthracis

Back 23

Rod-shaped

GM+

Endospore

Aerobic/Anaerobic

Causes anthrax

Front 24

Clostridium botulinum

Back 24

Rod-shaped

GM+

Anaerobic

Endospore

Causes botulism

Front 25

Electron microscope

Back 25

Magnification down to 1 nm.

Front 26

Eukaryotic Cell

Back 26

Front 27

Prokaryotic Cell

Back 27

Front 28

Mitochondria

Back 28

Generates ATP

Very important to cell growth and may deal with the aging process.

Front 29

Ribosomes

Back 29

Protein synthesis in all living organisms

Front 30

Chitin

Back 30

Protective physical shell of fungi cells.

Front 31

Cellulose

Back 31

Protective physical shell of algae cells

Front 32

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 32

Rough and smooth, ribosomes are attached.

Front 33

Golgi

Back 33

Packaging apparatus used for transporting stuff around the cell.

Front 34

Vacuoles

Back 34

Remove excess water from cell.

Front 35

Plasmids

Back 35

Contain ancillary information such as antibiotic resistance or environmental conditions that are bad for the cell.

Front 36

Enterobacter aerogenes

Back 36

Rod-shaped

GM-

Butenediol Fermentation

Looks identical to E. coli so needs

Voges Proskour test

Front 37

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Back 37

Rod-shaped; has a cell wall

GM-

Anaerobic

Mixed Acid Fermentation

Test for using Methyl Red (MR+)

Capsule

Ex: Food poisoning

Front 38

Salmonella

Back 38

Rod-shaped

GM-

Capsule

Ex: Typhoid fever

Front 39

Streptococcus

Back 39

Spherical chains

GM+

Anaerobic

Homolactic acid Fermentation

Capsule

Front 40

Staphylococcus

Back 40

Spherical clusters

GM+

Anaerobic

Homolactic acid Fermentation

Front 41

Clostridium

Back 41

Rod-shaped

GM+

Anaerobic

Butyric Acid Fermentation

Endospore

Front 42

Bacillus

Back 42

Rod-shaped

GM+

Anaerobic

Endospore

Front 43

Rhizobium

Back 43

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

N2 -> NH4

GM-

Front 44

Archaea

Back 44

Produce methane.

Can be found in the stomachs of cows.

Front 45

Thiobacillus

Back 45

GM-

Terminal Acceptor: S -> SO4

Found in strip mining runoff

Front 46

Neisseria

Back 46

GM-

Anaerobic

Spherical (coccus)

Front 47

Lactobacillus

Back 47

Rod-shaped chains

GM+

Anaerobic

Homo lactic acid fermentation

Front 48

Phagolysosome

Back 48

Phagosome traps a pathogen then fuses with a lysosome.

The pathogen is then digested with enzymes and peroxides.

Front 49

Metabolism

Back 49

ATP is created to use as energy

Involves redox reactions

Front 50

Terminal Electron Acceptor

Back 50

Last in chain of redox reactions.

Ex: Oxygen during respiration

Front 51

Fermentation

Back 51

Chain of redox reactions without a terminal electron acceptor.

The electron moves back up the chain when it reaches the last acceptor.

Front 52

Fermentation Process

Back 52

Glycolysis --> Acids, gases or alcohol products

Anaerobic process

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Glycolysis

Back 53

Glucose -> 2 ATP -> 2 NADH -> Nad+ H- ->

2 pyruvate

Front 54

Homo Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 54

--> Lactic Acid

Ex: Cheese, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus

Front 55

Hetero Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 55

--> Lactic Acid + EtOH + CO2

Ex: Sourkraut

Front 56

Ethanolic/Alcoholic Fermentation

Back 56

--> Ethanol + CO2

Ex: Yeast

Front 57

Mixed Acid Fermentation

Back 57

Important for digestion.

Lowers PH b/c it produces a lot of acid.

Products: Acetic acid, formic acid

Ex: E. coli

Front 58

Butanediol Fermentatin

Back 58

--> Butandiol + CO2

Ex: Enterobacter aerogenes

Front 59

Propionic Acid Fermentation

Back 59

Propionic Acid + CO2

Ex: Swiss Cheese

Front 60

Butyric Acid Fermentation

Back 60

Products: Acetone, Butanol, CO2

Ex: Clostridium

Front 61

Kreb's Cycle

Back 61

Series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy.

Creates CO2 and ATP and NADH

Front 62

Electron Transport Chain or

Oxidative Phosphorylatin or

Chemiosmosis

Back 62

Uses NADH or FADH to generate ATP

In Eukaryote, occurs in mitochondria membrane