Microbiology Exam #1

Front 1

cations

Back 1

positively charged ion

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anions

Back 2

negatively charged ion

Front 3

endergonic reaction

Back 3

Energy direct inward

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exergonic reaction

Back 4

Energy direct outward

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Anabolism is a...

Back 5

Synthesis reaction
Typically dehydration synthesis

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Catabolism is a...

Back 6

Decomposition reaction
typically hydrolytic (uses water to break chemical reactions)

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exchange reactions

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Half Anabolism (Synthesis) / half Catabolism (Decomposition)

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hydrolysis

Back 8

hydro = water; lysis = to loosen

breaking down by adding water

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dehydration synthesis

Back 9

releases water

condensation reaction

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polysaccharides vs di

Back 10

Both can be broken down by hydrolysis.

Poly not sweet nor soluble in water

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dextran

Back 11

blood plasma substitute

produced as a sugary slime by certain bacteria

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Chitin

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polysaccharide

exoskeletons and cell walls of fungi

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amylases

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enzymes that can break the bonds between glucose molecules in glycogen

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cellulases

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enzymes that can digest cellulose

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Lipid polarity

Back 15

non-polar

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Simple lipids consist of what?

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Glycerol and fatty acids

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All fatty acids end with what?

Back 17

-COOH
carboxyl
or organic acid

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Bonding of glycerol to a fatty acid is called what?

Back 18

ester linkage (a dehydration reaction)

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primary function of lipids?

Back 19

form plasma membranes

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Steroid feature

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four inter-connected carbon rings

Front 21

Changes a steroid to a sterol

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-OH group off of A-ring

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Enzymes

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speed up reactions

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bacteriocins

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proteins that kill bacteria

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Alcohol

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aldehyde

Back 25

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Amino acid structure

Back 26

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Amino

Back 27

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Carboxyl

Back 28

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Cholesterol

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ester

Back 30

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ether

Back 31

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Glucose + fructose = sucrose reaction

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glycerol

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ketone

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methyl

Back 35

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phosphate

Back 36

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phospholipid

Back 37

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sulfhydryl

Back 38

Front 39

Kilometers to meters

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1000 = 1 kilo

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Decimeter to meter

Back 40

10 deci = 1 meter

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Centimeter to meter

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100 centi = 1 meter

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Millimeter to meter

Back 42

1000 mili = 1 meter

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Micrometer (um) to meter

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1,000,000 micro = 1 meter

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Nanometer (nm) to meter

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1,000,000,000 Nano = 1 meter

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Picometer (pm) to meter

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1,000,000,000,000 Pico = 1 meter

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objective lenses

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closed to the object

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ocular lens

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eyepiece

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refractive index

Back 48

light bending ability

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darkfield microscope

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used to examine live microorganisms that either are invisible in the ordinary light microscope, cannot be stained by standard methods, or are so distorted by staining that their characteristics then cannot be identified.

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phase-contrast microscope

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Phase-contrast microscopy is especially useful
because it permits detailed examination of internal structures in
living microorganisms

not necessary to fix (attach
the microbes to the microscope slide) or stain the spec imen-procedu res that could distort o r kill the microorganisms.

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psychrophiles

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cold-loving microbes (optimum temp 15*C)

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mesophiles

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moderate-temperature loving microbes (optimum temp 25-40* C)

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thermophiles

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heat-loving microbes (optimum temp 50-60* C)

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psychrotrophs

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cold thriving bacteria responsible for food spoilage

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optimum temperature pathogenic bacteria:

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37 °c

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acidophiles

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acid lovers

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plasmolysis

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shrinkage of cytoplasm

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extreme halophiles

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require saline environments

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facultative vs obligate halophiles

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facultative = do not require, but can survive up to 2% salinity

obligate = requires around 30%

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Half the dry weight of a typical bacterial cell is...

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carbon

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_______ makes up about 14% of the dry weight of a bacterial cell, and _______ and _______ together constitute about another 4%

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Nitrogen
Sulfur and Phosphorus

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Organisms use nitrogen primarily to form the...

Back 62

amino group of the amino acids of proteins

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Methods of extracting nitrogen

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-decomposing protein-containing material
-ammonium ions (NH4+)
-nitrates (compounds that dissociate to give the nitrate ion, N03-, in solution)
-nitrogen fixation (use gaseous nitrogen (N2) directly from the atmosphere

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Uses of Sulfur synthesis

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create sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamins such as thiamine and biotin

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Sources of sulfur

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sulfate ion (SO4^2-) hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur containing amino acids

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Uses of Phosphorus synthesis

Back 66

-nucleic acids
-the phospholipids of cell membranes
-ATP

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Sources of phosphorous

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phosphate ion (PO4^-3)

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Back 68

1. Obligate Aerobes
2. Facultative Anaerobes
3. Obligate Anaerobes
4. Aerotolerant Anaerobes
5. Mlcroaerophlhls

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Singlet oxygen

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Boosted into a higher-energy state and is extremely reactive.

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Superoxide radicals

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superoxide anions

...are formed in small amounts during the normal respiration of organisms that use oxygen as a final electron acceptor, forming water

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superoxide dismutase (SOD)

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an enzyme that neutralizes superoxide radicals, which obligate anaerobes produce when exposed to oxygen

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peroxide anion

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the o2^-2 portion of H2O2

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catalase

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enzyme that converts peroxide into water and oxygen

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peroxidase

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The other enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

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Chlorhexidine

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Anti-septic
membrane disruption
both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
also fungi

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Biofilms contents

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Polysaccharides
DNA
Proteins

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inoculum

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microbes introduced to a medium

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agar contents

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complex polysaccharide derived from marine alga

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Properties of Agar

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Microbes cannot decay
liquefies at 100 C*

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capnophiles.

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Microbes that grow better at high CO2 concentrations

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Selective media

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are designed to suppress suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of the desired microbes

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Differential media

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make it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate

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enrichment culture

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amplifies particular microbes

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lyophilization

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freeze drying and storing bacteria cultures

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Calvin cycle

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Name of process?

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Glycolysis

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Name of this cycle?

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Krebs cycle

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phenol

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-Lister first applied to surgical instruments
-controls odor in sewage
-irritates skins
-above 1% significant anti-bacteria effects

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Bisphenols

Back 89

two phenols connected by bridge group

Front 90

Biguanides

Back 90

Attack cell walls in gram positive cells and antiviral
-useful in treating hyperglycemia (primary branch in metaformin)

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emulsification

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surrounds organic material and allows removal by water

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How effective is soap?

Back 92

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sulfur dioxide

Back 93

prevents wine spoilage

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Calcium propionate

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prevents surface molds

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Sorbic acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate

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prevent mold spoilage in sub 5.5 pH food products

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sodium nitrate

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-preserves red color in meat by forcing bacteria to use nitrate in anaerobic conditions
-prevents botulism spores
-downside (may form carcinogenic nitrosamines)

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DNA polymerase

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Synthesizes DNA: proofreads and repairs DNA

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DNA Gyrase

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Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

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DNA Ligase

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Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands: joins Okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair

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Endonucleases

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Cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA: facilitate repair and insertions

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Exonucleases

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Cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA: facilitate repair

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Helicase

Back 102

Unwinds double-stranded DNA

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Methylase

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Adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA

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Photolyase

Back 104

Uses visible light energy to separate UV-induced pyrimidine dimers

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Primase

Back 105

Makes RNA primers from a DNA template

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Ribozyme

Back 106

RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together

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RNA Polymerase

Back 107

Copies RNA from a DNA template

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snRNP

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RNA-protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together

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Topoisomerase

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Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork: separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication

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Transposase

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Cuts DNA backbone leaving single-stranded "sticky ends"

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3* vs 5*

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5* carbon with the phosphate group
3* carbon with the alcohol group

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DNA polymerase can only add to:

3* or 5*

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DNA polymerases can add new nucleotides to the 3' end
only

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transcription begins at the...

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promoter

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degeneracy

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biological redundancy used to increase robustness of organism

ex multiple codon combos for amino acid

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ethylene oxide gas uses

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non-wetable items

powders, dry plastics, etc.

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2-3.2 percent alkaline glutaraldehyde (10 hours)

Back 116

wetable

endoscopes

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2-3.2 percent alkaline glutaraldehyde (10 hours)

Back 117

respiratory devices

non-critical instruments

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80 percent ethyl alcohol (Lysol® spray)

Back 118

countertops and small surfaces

other agents are inactivated by organic material or ineffective against some organisms

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phenolics

Back 119

low cost and effective against most organisms except hydrophilic viruses

floors (mop water)

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4 percent chlorhexidine

Back 120

antimicrobial hand washes

lodophors are equally effective but lack substantive activity; all other active ingredients are inferior

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Protein synthesis is called

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translation

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base pairs

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adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine.