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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 types of light microscopes
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Bright-field, dark-field, phase contrast, fluorescence
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2 types of electron microscopes
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Transmission, scanning
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Total magnification = product of...
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magnification of ocular and objective lenses
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resolution
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ability to distinguish two points as separate and distinct
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Resolution is better when the wavelength of light is longer or shorter?
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shorter
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2 Dark Field microscopes advantages
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See objects below resolution limit of microscope, don't have to stain cells
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1 limitation of dark field microscope
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not good resolution
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2 advantages of phase contrast microscope
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increased contrast of unstained cells, good for seeing Pseudomonas
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Advantage of confocal microscopy
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control field of depth
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Advantage of transmission electron microscope
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Great for observing internal features of cells
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Disadvantage of transmission electron microscope
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cells must be fixed and artifacts may be a problem
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Scanning electron microscope advantage
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great for observing 3D
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Color of cationic and anionic stains
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violet, red
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4 steps of staining
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application of violet dye, application of iodine, alcohol wash, application of safranin (red)
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Color of acid-fast bacteria
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red
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limiting factor in cell growth
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rate of nutrient uptake and waste elimination (longer process for bigger cells)
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What happens at a ribosome site?
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protein synthesis
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70S ribosomes are composed of which 2 subunits?
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50S & 30S
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This is a fluid, protein-embedded lipid bi-layer
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Cytoplasmic membrane
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6 functions of cytoplasmic membrane
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defines cell boundary, transport (import/export), energy transduction (permeability barrier), sensory transduction, biosynthesis, motility
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Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic. Which one is most permeable?
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Isotonic (neutral), hypertonic (less water enters cell), hypotonic (more water enters cell)
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This includes the NAG - NAM polymer connected through B(1,4) linkage, and glycan chains cross-linked through short peptide linkages
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the peptidoglycan structure
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Where does peptidoglycan synthesis occur?
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inside and outside the cytoplasm
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2 sections of the gram negative cell wall outer membrane (start from the inside)
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Core polysacchaide, O-polysaccharide
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This type of cell wall includes teichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and cytoplasmic membrane
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gram positive
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This type of cell wall includes LPS, Lipid A, peptidoglycan, cytoplasmic membrane
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gram negative
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