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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First to discover cells; observed the very first microbe
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Robert Hooke
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Developed the germ theory of infectious disease
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J. Henle
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Smallest unit of life
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Cell
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The most general level of biological classification
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Domain
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Developed techniques for hospital asepsis. The disinfectant PHENOL
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Joseph Lister
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Microbial growth that contains only one type of species of microbes
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Pure Culture
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First to advocate hand washing by physicians to prevent the spread of infectious disease
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Ignaz Semmelweiss
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Increase Specificity - Decrease in Diversity
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Classification Levels
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Most Diverse - Lease Specific
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Domain
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Least Diverse - Most Specific
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Subspecies / Strain
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Classification Levels In Order
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genis Species / Strain |
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Changes in the structural or physical characteristics of a particular organism
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Morphology
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Involves materials that support the growth of microbes
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Culture Medium
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Discovered endospores
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Ferdinand Cohn
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Heat resistant bacterial form produced by some bacteria
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Endospore
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Interior protein network that provides structural support for the cell
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Cytoskeleton
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Free of living organisms
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Sterile
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Liquids that support microbial life
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Infusion
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Process of controlled heating to kill harmful microbes without damaging the product
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Pasteurization
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The absence of unwanted microbes
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Asepsis
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The study of microbes
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Microbiology
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Membrane bound compartments in the cell interior
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Organelles
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Single celled organisms - members of Prokaryotes
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Unicellular
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A non-membrane bound area in the prokaryote cell where the DNA is located
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Nucleoid Region
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Pieces of DNA that are transferred between unrelated species that give the ability to cause disease
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Pathogenicity Islands
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Accidental discovery of Penicillin
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Alexander Flemming
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Move - those that can move do so using flagella
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Motile
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The biological classification system
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Taxonomy
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Live in all non-extreme and extreme environments
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Archaeobacteria
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Competition between defensive microbes and pathogens
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Microbial Antagonism
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Ability of a pathogen to overcome body defenses and cause disease
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Virulence
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Disease prevention
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Prophylaxis
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Diversity in the number of species inhabiting an eco-system. Variety of species with varying physical appearance, different biochemical/metabolic activity, different environmental habitats, and varying interactions with other organisms
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Biodiversity
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Due to the presence of microbes or their products; damage occurs to the host
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Infectious Disease
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Increase incidence in the last 20 years
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Emerging Disease
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Causes of Emerging Disease
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1. Changes in our lifestyle
2. Changes in microbial DNA 3. Changes in the process of evolution 4. Creation of Pathogenicity Islands |
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A cell which has a nucleus membrane surrounding it's chromosomes
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Eukaryotic Cell / Eukaryote
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The application of biology to solve problems and produce useful products
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Biotechnology
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The theory that living organisms can arise from non-living materials
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Spontaneous Generation
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Cell characterized by lack of nuclear membrane. Actually has a nuclear membrane but no true nucleus
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Prokaryotic Cell - Prokaryote
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Single celled organism that does not contain a membrane-bound nucleus
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Prokaryotic Cell / Prokaryote
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Hospital acquired infection
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Nosicomial Infection
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4 Postulates for Etiology
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1. Microbe must be present in a disease individual and never present in a healthy one.
2. Microbe must be isolated from diseased individual and grown in a lab in pure form. 3. Lab grown microbe must cause the same disease in a healthy/susceptible host. 4. Microbe must be re-isolated from experimental host and grown in the lab in pure form. |
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One of the two domains of Prokaryotes
Hint: All medically important prokaryotes are in this domain |
Bacteria
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Fermentation: sugar to yeast
Supported bio-genesis Developed Pasteurization Developed methods of vaccine production |
Louis Pasteur
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A membrane bound structure that contains the DNA or genetic material
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Nucleus
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The theory that living organisms can only arise from other living organisms
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Biogenesis
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The alteration or altering of an organisms genetic material by changing the nucleic acid sequence or adding new genes
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Genetic Engineering
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Correction of genetic defects
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Gene Therapy
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An a-sexual process in which one cell divides into identical daughter cells without spindal formation
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Binary Fission
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Decomposition of dead or decaying organic materials into nutrients
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Biogeochemical Cycle
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First solid evidence against spontaneous generation
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Lazzaro Spalanzani
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The use of chemicals to treat disease
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Chemotherapy
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A visible agragte; billions of cells that are descended from a single parent cell.
MUST BE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL |
Pure Colony
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A-sexual reproduction involving nuclear division in which one cell divides into two identical daughter cells involving spindal formation
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Mitosis
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First to observe bacteria and describe microbes of all sorts through a microscope
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY |
A. Vanleeuwenhoek
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First successful vaccination; small pox
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E. Jenner
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The study or analysis of nuclitide sequences in DNA
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Geonomics
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Chemical produced by a microbe that in small quantities kills or inhibits other microbes
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Antibiotic
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Synthetic chemical use to treat disease
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Drug
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Sexual reproduction involving diploid and haploid states
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Meiosis
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Biological entity that is to small to be seen with the naked/unaided eye
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Microbe / Microorganism
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Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to usable nitrogen
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Nitrogen Fixation
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Grouping based on genetic or DNA characteristics
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Phylogeny
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Unique substance found only in the bacterial cell wall. Provides strength and rigidity
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Peptidoglycan
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Found boiling does not kill all forms of life
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J. Tyndall
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Refined the "Germ Theory"
Developed methods of etiology Worked with Anthrax |
R. Koch
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Transformation of harmful substances into harmless ones
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Bio-remediation
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Microbes that can cause disease
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Pathogen
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Microbes that normally live on human body surfaces that are exposed to the environment
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Normal Flora
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Flukes
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Trematode
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The disease as a result of infection caused by fungi
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Mycoses
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Composed of a single short piece of RNA; also obligate intracellular agents known to infect plants
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Viroid
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Can reproduce only inside a living cell
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Obligate Intracellular
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Free floating photosynthetic organisms that are found in marine environments
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Phytoplankton
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Resting or reproductive form for Fungi
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Spore
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Resting or reproductive form of a protozoan; in most cases also the infectious form
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Cyst
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Abbreviated nm
1000 x smaller than a micrometer used to measure viruses |
Nanometer
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Tapeworms
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Cestode
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Classification of insects or arachnids; All involved in the transformation of infectious disease
Macro Group Mosquitoes Fleas Lice Ticks Micro Group Mites |
Arthropod
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Gets energy from another living organism
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Parasite
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Gets energy from another living organism
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Parasitic
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Unicellular fungi
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Yeast
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Structural glucose polymer
Principal structural component of plant cell walls |
Cellulose
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Abbreviated (greek version of u)m
1000 x smaller than a millimeter Used for prokaryotic cells, bacteria and archaeobacteria |
Micrometer
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Can grow as either yeast or mold
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Dimorphic
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Roundworms
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Nemotode
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Composed of protein only; obligate unicellular agent; known to infect animals including humans; causes fatal neurodegenerative disease
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Prion
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Abbreviation mm
Used to measure Eukaryotic cells |
Millimeter
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Abbreviated A with a degree above it
A factor of 10 smaller than a nanometer Used to measure viroids, prions and macromolecules |
Angstrom
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Having different distinct froms
Undergoes changes in form during their lifecycle |
Polymorphic
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Two word name (scientific name)
Gives a living organism a unique name |
Bionomeial Nomenclature
GENIS is always capitalized species is always lower case In handwritten form must alway s been underlined. In type must always be italicized |
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Parasitic worms
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Helminth
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Multicellular Fungi
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Mold
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Light absorbing pigment used in photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll
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Not composed of cells/ nonliving considered infectious agents
3 major groups Virus Viroid Prion |
Acellular
Non-cellular agent |
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Non-living agent composed of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA but never both. Surrounded by a protein coat
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Virus
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Produce toxins
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Toxigenic
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SI02
Diatomaceous Earth |
Silicone Dioxide
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Will convert light energy into chemical energy
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Photosynthetic
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Polysacoride containing nitrogen
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Chitin
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Designation for eukaryotic organisms other than plant, animal or fungi
May be unicellular or multicellular |
Protist
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Photosynthetic eukaryotic cells that harvest the energy of sunlight and use it to synthesize ATP which is then used to fuel the synthesis of organic compounds
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Chloroplast
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Ridged protein layer just inside the cell membrane
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Pellicle
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Contains one lens that works like a magnifying glass
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Simple Microscope
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Contains at least two lenses in which the second lens magnifies the image of the first lens
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Compound Microscope
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Magnifies up to 1000x larger than specimen
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Light Microscope
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The process of enlarging a specimens image
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Magnification
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Area visible following magnification
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Field of View
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Size of the field of view depends on
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The amount of magnification
The greater the magnification the smaller the field of view |
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The product of magnifying powers of the magnifying lenses.
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Total Magnification
EXAMPLE: If the specimen is viewed using a 10x ocular lens and a 40x objective lens the total magnification is equal to 10x40 or 400x |
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The minimum distance between two adjacent objects such that they are distinguished as two separate images rather than a single larger one
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Resolution / Resolving Power
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Magnification x resolution
Must be equal to or less than .02 mm or image will be blurry |
Useful Magnification
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Abbreviated: N.A.
A measure of the lenses ability to collect light that has passed through a specimen |
Numerical Aperture
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Degree of bending of light rays as they pass through a medium
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Refraction
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Measure of the relative velocity of light as it passes through a medium
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Refractive Index
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Oil with the same RA as glass
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Immersion Oil
Increase resolution at 1000x magnification |
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Reflects number of visible shades in a specimen
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Contrast
Maximum information regarding a specimen requires varying degrees of contrast |
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Microscope lenses of different magnification are all in focus when the specimen is in the same position
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Parfocal
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Special non-abrasive lint-free paper
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Lens Paper
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Visible material that is not due to the actual character or nature of the specimen
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Artifact
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Light is passed through a specimen followed by a series of magnifying lenses
This type illuminates the field of view evenly Dyes/Stains are used to increase viability of a specimen |
Bright-field Microscope
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Optics amplify differences in RI of the cellular components and the media. Purpose is to increase contrast, the more dense material appears darker
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Phase Contrast Microscope
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Light is separated into two beams before passing through a specimen. Optics will amplify differences in the RI of cellular components and the medium to increase contrast
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Interference Microscope
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Uses an opaque disk to direct light toward the specimen at an angle. Only light that is scattered by the specimen is viewed
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Dark-field Microscope
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Uses UV (higher energy) UV light is absorbed by the specimen, which in turn emits visible light. The visible light is the captured by the lens.
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Fluorescence Microscope
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Lens or optics focus a laser beam on a specific point on the specimen. The mirrors are used to scan the beam across successive plains
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Confocal Scanning Microscope
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Beam of electrons are directed at a very thinly sliced specimen. Electrons are passed through some, absorbed or deflected by others depending on the density of the material.
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Transmission Electron Microscope
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Specimen surface is coated with a thin film of metal. Beam of electrons scans back and fourth across the surface. Electrons are reflected back at the source. The electrons are then captured to create a 3D image of the specimens surface called a topograph
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Scanning Electron Microscope
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Uses a probe with a flexible tip made up of a single atom that bends with the slightest force. Creates a map of the surface
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Atomic Force Microscope
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Disadvantages: Expensive
Advantages: No difficult sample prep, No need for a vacule, can scan in fluids |
Atomic Force Microscope
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Ketamine
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action: the PCP site of NMDA receptors
• Causes hallucinations (use in children primarily) • Stimulates cardiovascular system and low Resp effect - use in SHOCK, avoided in liver disease & neurosurgery • No muscle relaxation, but excellent analgesic and amnesic |
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Only function as receptors, only recognize specific molecules and bind to them
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Glycoprotein
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Describes the dynamic nature of solid proteins moving within the fluid like phospholipid matrix
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Fluid Mosaic Models
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Sterole that is specifically found in fungi
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Ergosterol
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The bonding between glycerol and the fatty acid that is formed during dehydration synthesis
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Ester linkage
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A specific molecule that binds to a receptor, used for signaling, communicates with other cells in a multicellular organization
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Ligand
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Catalyze specific reactions
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Enzymatic
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Large membrane bound sac in cell interior
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Vacule
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The cell boundary or barrier that separates the cell interior from it's environment
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cell membrane or
plasma membrane or cydoplasimic membrane |
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Describes everything inside the cell except the nucleus
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Cytoplasm
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Is the viscous contents of the cytoplasm
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Cytosol
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Small membrane bound sac buds/pinches off from organelle; contains some of organelles contents
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Vesicle
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Membrane layer, layers have opposite orientation
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Membrane leaflet
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Lipids with attached oligosaccharide
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Glycolipid
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Affect the movement of materials into and out of the cell (selective gates)
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Transport
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A lipid that is made from to fatty acids, glycerol and phosphate group
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Phospholipid
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Have non-polar tails form the membrane interior, made up of 2 fatty acid hydrocarbin chains
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Phospholipid
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Provide strength and structure
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Support
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Membrane bound internal structures that have specialized functions. About 1/2 of total cell volume
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Organelles
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Carbon chains(hydrocarbons) have all carbon-carbon single bonds
No double bonds between carbon atoms full saturated with hydrogen atoms |
Saturated Fat
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Some materials are able to pass through while others cannot
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Selective Permeable or
Semipermeable |
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Interior region of biological compartments
Specialized, contain various biologically active substances, compartmentalize activity, must be able to transfer/move materials between compartments |
Lumen
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Short chains of sugars only found in the environmental leaflet. Function as a coating around some cells, generally associated with fungi
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Oligosaccharide
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Water avoiding
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Hydrophobic
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Water seeking structure
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Hydrophilic
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Sense and adjust to surroundings
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Receptors
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The specific sterole that is found in animal cells
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Cholesterol
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Macromolecule contain one or more amino acid polypeptide chains that are linked by peptide bonds
These are formed during dehydration synthesis. Are embedded and dispersed throughout the phospholipids |
Proteins
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Are embedded and dispersed throughout the phospholipids
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Proteins
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Specific type of lipid with a fused 4 ring structure that adds strength and rigidity to the cell wall
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Sterol
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Proteins, self identity markers (MHC) some proteins only span one leaflet, peripheral proteins
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Cell recognition
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Constant motion of the fluid contents of a eukaryotic cell. Vesicles are carried in the currents, they move throughout the cell on those currents
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Cytoplasmic streaming
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Materials slip through transient gaps in the phospholipids
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Unassisted transport
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Transport proteins are involved in the movement of materials across the cell membrane. Facilitated diffusion, active transport
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Directed transport
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Membrane pores very small openings, diffusion of specific particles through channels, have gates that open and close
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Channel proteins
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Bind to specific particles that are to be transported, change in shape creates passageway
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Carrier proteins
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The movement of material into the cell due to infolding of the cell membrane which creates a membrane bound sac
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Endocytosis
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What are the two types of Endocytosis
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Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis |
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Cell drinking; involves the formation of vesicles containing liquids, dissolved in materials, and molecules attached to sugars
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Pinocytosis
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Cell eating; involves formation of vesicles containing particulate materials, term engulfment used
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Phagocytosis
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Fluid filled compartment that is continuous with the cell membrane
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Pinocytotic or endocytotic vesicle
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Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
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Lysosomes
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Vesicle containing waste to be exported
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Residual body
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Movement of material out of the cell due to fusion of the vesicle with the cell membrane.
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Exocytosis
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During this process the vesicle contents are emptied or exported into the environment
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Exocytosis
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A type of pincocytosis that takes in ligands
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Specific molecules that bind to receptors
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Ligands
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A protein that lines certain regions of the cell membrane that are to be internalized
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Clathrin
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Pinching in of the cell membrane forms an endosome
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Invagination
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the movement toward chemical attractants
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Chemotaxis
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Arm like extensions of the cell membrane form as a result of something it wants to eat
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Pseudopods
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A vesicle in the cell interior that contains particulates which form as a result of endocytosis
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Phagosome
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The migration and fussion of lysosomes with phagosomes
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Degranulation
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Contains waste and undigested materials
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Residual body
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Term we use for cells that specialize in the engulfment and digestion of particulate material
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Phagocyte
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Export of materials synthesized by the cell across the cell membrane
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Secretion
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Sight of protein synthesis, translation occurs
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Ribosomes
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Ribosomes receive instructions via
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Messenger RNA
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Ribosomes are composed of
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protein and ribosomal RNA
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Makes proteins that are used outside the cell or proteins that are contained in organelles
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Attached/Fixed ribosome
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Very long, hollow cylinders that are composed of the protein called tubulin
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Microtubules
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a protein
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tubulin
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String that attach to chromosomes machinery (poles, aslus, spindle fibers) that brings about movement of the chromosomes during cell division
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Mitotic Spindles
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A pair of short microtubules that are located near the nucleus in the centrosome
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Centrioles
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A structure in the cytoplasm that anchors the motility structure (i.e. cillia & flagella) to the cell
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Basal body
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Long extremely thin twisted pairs of protein chains composed of actin
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Microfilaments
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Type of protein that makes up micorfilimant
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Actin
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Microfilaments do what
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1. enable pseudopod formation
2. cause cytoplasmic streaming |
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Are a rope like assembly of fibrous polypeptides that mechanically strengthen the cell
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Intermediate filimants
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Microbial growth that contains only type of species or microbe
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Pure culture
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Microbes that can cause disease
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Pathogen
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3 Domains
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Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya |
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Prokaryotic cells/Prokaryotes
All Unicellular Rods, Spheres, Spirals No organelles ridged cell walls reproduce by binary fission extreme and non-extreme environments |
Archea
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Eukaryotic cells/Eukaryotes
Unicellular & Mulitcellular Tremendous variation in shape Organelles are present a-sexual and sexual reproduction cytoskeleton non-extreme environments |
Eukarya
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Prokaryotic cells/Prokaryotes
Unicellular Rods, spheres or spirals No organelles cytoskeleton ridged cell walls All contain Peptidoglycan reproduce using binary fission non-extreme enironments |
Bacteria
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2 major groups of Parasites
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Helminths
Arthropods |
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Primarily yeast reproductive state
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Budding
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Phospholipid
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Make proteins for use with cytosol
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Free Ribosome
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3 protein elements
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MIcrotubules
Microfilaments/Actinfiliments Intermediate filaments |
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1. Chemotaxis
2. Pseudopods 3a. Phagosome 3b. Degranulation 4. Phagolysosome 5. Contents of the Phagolysosome are processed, nutrients are absorbed into the cystoplasm 6. Residual body 7. Exocytosis is used to remove the contents of the residual body |
Mechanism of Phagocytosis in a Phagocyte
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1. Waste removal
2. Secretion |
Purpose of Exocytosis
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