Microbiology--Chapters 7, 11

Front 1

Genetics

Back 1

Study of inheritance/inheritable traits as expressed in organism's genetic material.

Front 2

Genome

Back 2

Entire genetic complement including genes and nucleotides.

Front 3

Genes

Back 3

Specific sequence of nucleotides that code for polypeptides or RNA molecules.

Front 4

Genotype

Back 4

Actual set of genes in its genome

Front 5

Phenotype

Back 5

Physical features and functional traits of an organism (structures, morphology, metabolism).

Front 6

What is the structure of DNA?

Back 6

Has a "Twisted ladder structure." Sides of the ladder are made of ribose sugar and phosphate.

Front 7

What are the "rungs" of the DNA ladder made up of?

Back 7

Nitrogen bases connected by hydrogen bonds.

Front 8

What are the nitrogenous bases?

Back 8

Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine (and Uracil in RNA).

Front 9

DNA contains repeated _______ units.

Back 9

Nucleotide

Front 10

What is a nucleotide?

Back 10

Phosphate + Nucleoside (sugar + nitrogenous base)

Front 11

How is bacteria present in a bacterial cell?

Back 11

As chromosomes, condensed form.

Front 12

Is bacterial DNA free in cytoplasm?

Back 12

In centralized region of cytoplasm, in nucleoid--distinct boundary between the chromosomes and cytoplasm is visible.

Front 13

Does bacteria have histones?

Back 13

No, globular proteins found in the eukaryotic and archeal chromosomes do.

Front 14

Histones

Back 14

Proteins that package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.

Front 15

Gyrase

Back 15

Enzyme that removes coiling in DNA by cutting it, rotating the ends in opposite direction of coiling and rejoining them.

Front 16

Plasmid

Back 16

Small molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the chromosome.

Front 17

Are genes on plasmid necessary for prokaryotic growth?

Back 17

No, not usually.

Front 18

Resistance plasmid

Back 18

Carries genes for resistance to one or more antimicrobial drugs or heavy metals.

Front 19

Virulence plasmid

Back 19

Carries instructions for structures, enzymes, or toxins that enable bacteria to become pathogens.

Front 20

Fertility plasmid

Back 20

Carries instructions for conjugation.

Front 21

What type of nucleic acid does bacteria have? Is is single or double stranded?

Back 21

Circular/ Linear DNA/single stranded.

Front 22

Does bacteria have histones?

Back 22

No

Front 23

Location and number of chromosomes in bacteria

Back 23

Nucleoid of cytoplasm/plasmid, haploid copies.

Front 24

Type of nucleic acid present in archea--is it single or double stranded?

Back 24

Circular DNA--single stranded.

Front 25

Does archaea have histones?

Back 25

Yes.

Front 26

Location and number of chromosomes in Archaea

Back 26

Nucleoid/plasmids--One haploid copy.

Front 27

Type of nucleic acid present in Eukarya--single or double stranded?

Back 27

Linear in nucleus, circular everywhere else in organism--double stranded.

Front 28

Do Eukarya have histones?

Back 28

Yes.

Front 29

Location and number of chromosomes in Eukaryotes?

Back 29

Nucleus, mitochondria, plasmids, and choloroplasts--typically diploid.

Front 30

Origin for replication

Back 30

Sequence of DNA at which replication is initiated on chromosome.

Front 31

Helicase

Back 31

"Unzips" DNA molecule by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases.

Front 32

Replication fork

Back 32

Junction where double-stranded DNA begins to split into two strands (replication begins).

Front 33

Role of DNA polymerase

Back 33

Proof-reading and synthesizing DNA.

Front 34

What direction does DNA polymerase move?

Back 34

5' to 3'

Front 35

What does it mean to say that DNA polymerase works in 5' to 3' direction?

Back 35

New nucleotides added to 3' end.

Front 36

In leading strand, which way would DNA polymerase move? What about lagging strand?

Back 36

Away from replication fork/towards replication fork.

Front 37

Okazaki fragments

Back 37

Discontinuing segments lagging strands are synthesized into, uses one of new RNA primers.

Front 38

Ligase

Back 38

Seals gaps between adjacent Okazaki fragments to form continuous strand of DNA.

Front 39

Semiconservative replication

Back 39

Each daughter molecule retains one parental strand and has one new strand.

Front 40

How many bases needed to code for one amino acid?

Back 40

Three

Front 41

How do proteins determine phenotype?

Back 41

By determining what chemicals/enzymes the body makes.

Front 42

Two major phases involved in protein synthesis:

Back 42

Transcription and translation.

Front 43

Strand of DNA with 30 base pairs would code for how many amino acids?

Back 43

10 amino acids.

Front 44

Four types of RNA:

Back 44

mRNA (messenger RNA)
RNA primer (Start DNA synthesis)
rRNA (makes up subunits of ribosomes)
tRNA (brings specific amino acids to ribosomes)

Front 45

Transcription

Back 45

Using DNA to make mRNA (transfer of code from DNA to messenger RNA). A copy of just ONE gene.

Front 46

Steps in transcription:

Back 46

-DNA "unzips" at necessary point
-Mirror image of DNA made by RNA polymerase
-Termination (terminator signifies end of protein sequence)

Front 47

Which end of DNA can RNA polymerase add onto?

Back 47

Only the 3' (three prime) end.

Front 48

Which strand of DNA is copied to make mRNA?

Back 48

Antisense (-) strand.

Front 49

Promoter

Back 49

Site where DNA 'unzips" in transcription, where RNA polymerase will bind.

Front 50

RNA polymerase

Back 50

Works along DNA strand to add ribonucleotides in complimentary fashion (uracil replaces Thymine).