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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how biological traits move from parents to offspring
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organismal genetics
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How biological traits are expressed and how they vary or change
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molecular genetics
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the structure of genetic materia and how it functions is explained by...
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molecular genetics
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how mutations occur is explained by...
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molecular genetics
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genome is...
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the sum total of genetic material of a cell (chromosomes, plasmids, organelle DNA)
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genotype
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the sequence of bases in the DNA that encodes all genes
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phenotype
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the expression of the genotype
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gene
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segment of DNA that encodes an RNA molecule which if mRNA encodes a protein
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a DNA molecule
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chromosome
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how do prokaryotes condense DNA?
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by the use of proteins
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how do eukaryotes condence DNA?
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histone proteins condense the DNA
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code for mRNA molecules which in turn encode proteins (info for protein synthesis)
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structural genes
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regulatory elements include...
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promoters, origins, etc (signal where genes start and stop and when they need to be turned on or off)
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encode other types of RNA which function in the process of protein synthesis but do not encode proteins rRNA tRNA snRNA, etc
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functional genes
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central dogma of biology
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DNA to RNA to Protein
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DNA provides template for its own synthesis
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replication
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DNA provides the template for the synthesis of RNA
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transcription
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mRNA provides the template for the synthesis of protein. rRNA, tRNA, and snRNA also play a role in this process
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translation
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what does a nucleotide consist of?
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phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base
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what arrangement is it when the DNA has one strand going 5' to 3' and the other going 3' to 5' in a double helix?
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antiparallel arrangement
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what are the purines?
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adenine and guanine
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what are the pyrimidines
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thymine and cytosine
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explain semiconservative
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when the DNA is pulled apart the new molecule will have one old DNA strand and one newly synthesized strand
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What is semidiscontinuous?
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when there is a continuous leading strand of DNA being replicated starting at the origin and moving towards the fork and there is a lagging strand which is discontinuous moving from the fork toward the origin
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enzymatic means...
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it takes a lot of enzymes to replicate DNA
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fragments in the lagging strand are called...
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Okazaki fragments
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which way is the new strand synthesized from DNA?
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the new strand occurs starting from its 5' end and moving toward its 3' end....so the template strand is read from the 3' end to the 5' end
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initiator proteins (origin binding proteins)
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cause tork because DNA binds around them
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SSB (single-strand binding protein)
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keep DNA open in order to copy the DNA
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helicase
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unzipping the DNA helix-uses ATP to melt H-bonds
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primase
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synthesizing the RNA primer-RNA polymerase
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helicase and primase
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hook together and bind at fork
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DNA polymerase III
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clamps on to the template on the primer and adds bases to the new DNA chain; proofreads the chain for mistakes
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DNA polymerase I
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removes primer, closes gaps by getting rid of RNA and replacing it with DNA, repairs mismatches
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Ligase
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final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair
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gyrase (topoisomerase for eukaryote)
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breaks molecule and allows it to unwind and release stress on the DNA strand so helicase can continue and then it connects it back together-supercoiling
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mRNA
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encodes the information for the synthesis of a protein
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tRNA
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a small RNA that serves as a carrier for amino acids and can "read" the mRNA
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rRNA
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large RNAs that bind with many proteins to form the ribosome including the active site for peptide bond formation-catalyst for reaction
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transcription is when
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a single strand RNA is transcribed from a template strand of DNA
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promoter tells us what
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which strand is the template strand
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what catalyzes the reaction in prokaryotes?
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single RNA polymerase
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eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases
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RNA pol. I-most rRNAs
RNA pol. II-mRNAs RNA pol. III- tRNAs and one type of rRNA |
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start site for transcription is called the
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promoter
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the stop site for transcription is called the
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terminator
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RNA synthesis does not require what
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Gyrase because it doesn't cause unnecessary tork
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substrates for building DNA
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dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP
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substrates for RNA synthesis
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ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP
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mRNA is the...
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copy of a structural gene or several genes
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in prokaryotes and viruses mRNAs...
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can encode multiple proteins
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in eukaryotes mRNAs...
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can generally only encode one protein
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the message on mRNA is read how?
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on the ribosome by tRNA
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the nitrogenuous bases come in three called...
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codons
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codons do what?
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signal insertion of a specific amino acid into the protein being formed
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tRNAs are...
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on type of functional gene encoded by the DNA that participate in the synthesis of protein
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What is the structure of tRNA?
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internal complimentary sequences allow the molecules to fold, forming stem and loop regions
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what are the two functional sites of a tRNA molecule?
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an amino acid attachment site at the 3' end and and anticodon in the center
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ribosomes consist of...
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two subunites
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what are the subunits of ribosomes made of?
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RNA and protein
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the size of the two subunits in prokaryotes is..
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30s and 50s which form 70s
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the size of the two subunites in eukaryotes is...
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40s and 60s which make 80s
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ribosomes provide the site for what?
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protein synthesis by binding mRNA and tRNA/aa complexes
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what is the largest rRNA?
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ribozyme
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list characteristics of the genetic code
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triplet, universal, comma free (every base is read), unambiguous, degenerate, start codon (AUG), stop codons
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IF1 and IF3 help with what?
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detaching the small subunit of the ribosome from the large subunit
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the start codon is placed where first?
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P site
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what does the small subunit bind to?
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mRNA near the 5' end which is aligned by the interaction of the 16s rRNA of the ribosome with an aread of the mRNA called the "Shine Dalgarno sequence"
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what binds to the start codon?
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initiator tRNA with the attached amino acid formylated-methionine
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what does protein factor IF2 do?
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helps with the reaction of the tRNA attachment with the help of GTP
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large subunit joins the complex after tRNA has been added and what is the result energy wise?
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protein factors are released and the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP to supply energy for the reaction
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what happens when the second tRNA molecule with its amino acid binds?
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a protein called EF-Tu and a molecule of GTP bind it to the second codon
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what happens to the two tRNA molecules in the A and P sites?
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a peptide bond forms between their amino acids
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what is the process that moves the ribosome to the next codon?
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translocation
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what protein moves the ribosome to the next codon?
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EF-G along with GTP
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what do EF-Ts do?
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help recycle EF-Tu by allowing it to pick up a new molecule of GTP for energy
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What happens when the ribosome is translocated to the stop codon?
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a release factor complex will enter the A site causing the dissolution of the participants therefore terminating protein synthesis
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