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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nutrients in relatively large quantities; roles in cell structure and metabolism.
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Macronutrient.
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Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen are examples of what kind of nutrient?
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Macronutrient.
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An organic compound that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be supplemented as a nutrient.
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Growth Factor.
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Amino Acids, Nitrogenous base or Vitamin are considered these...
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Growth Factors.
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Haemophilus influenza (bacterium causing meningitis) can grow only when hemin and NAD, cytosine are provided by another organism or growth medium.
This is a description of a... |
Growth Factor.
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What is another name for Micronutrient?
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Trace Element.
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Nutrients in smaller amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure.
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Trace Element.
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Manganese, Zine and Nickel are these types of nutrients.
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Trace Elements.
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Name the two sources of Essential Nutrients.
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Carbon Sources and Energy Sources
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Heterotroph (Organic), Autotroph (Inorganic) Organsims.
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Organisms that contain a carbon source.
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Organisms that contain a carbon source.
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Heterotrophs (Organic) & Autotrophs (Inorganic)
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Chemoheterotrophs, Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs
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Organisms that contain an Energy Source.
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Organisms that contain an Energy Source.
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Chemoheterotrophs, Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs
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Name the organism that grow in the temperature range of 0 to 15 °C.
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Psychrophile
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Name the organism that grow in the temperature range of 20 to 40 °C.
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Mesophile
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Name the organism that grow in the temperature range of 45 to 80 °C.
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Thermophile
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The lowest temperature for growth is called
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Minimum Temperature
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Below this temperature, activities are inhibited.
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Minimum Temperature
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The highest temperature for growth is called
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Maximum Temperature
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Above this temperature, growth will stop and if it continues to rise, permanent deactivation will occur and cell can die
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Maximum Temperature
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The intermediate temperature for growth is called
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Optimum Temperature
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At this temperature, an organism's growth/metabolism are fastest.
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Optimum Temperature
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Organisms that obtain carbon organically (originates from body of other organisms, thus they are dependent on other life forms).
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Heterotrophs
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Microbes that require an organic carbon source.
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Heterotrophs
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Microbes that use inorganic CO2 as its carbon source.
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Autotroph
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What type of energy (carbon source) do these following organisms require?
- Photoautotroph - Chemoautotroph |
CO2
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What type of energy (carbon source) do these following organisms require?
- Photoheterotroph - Chemoheterotroph - Saprobes - Parasites |
Organic
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Organism that use inorganic CO2 as carbon source, can convert CO2 into organic compounds, not nutritionally dependent on other living things; derive energy from sunlight and simple chemicals
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Autotroph
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A group of chemoautotrophs that produce methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide.
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Methanogen
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Methanogens produce methane. What type of environment is it formed?
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Anaerobic, hydrogen-containing microenvironments
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Methanogens produce methane. Where are the four environments methane is formed?
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1) Soil
2) Swamps 3) Mud 4) Intestines of Animals |
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Free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms.
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Saprobic Organisms
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Name three things that saprobes decompose.
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1) Plant Litter
2) Animal Matter 3) Dead Microbes |
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How are decomposers good?
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The earth would gradually fill up with organic material, and the nutrients it contains would not be recycled.
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Most saprobes are primarily these two organisms.
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Bacteria and Fungi
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Saprobes that exist strictly on dead organic matter in soil and water and are unable to adapt to the body of a live host.
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Obligate Saprobes
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Obligate Saprobes consist of these three organisms
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1) Protozoa
2) Fungi 3) Bacteria |
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A saprobe that has infected a host is considered a
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Facultative Parasite
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When a host is compromised, an infection occurs and the microbe is considered to be an
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Opportunistic Pathogen
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Name a microbe that is an opportunistic pathogen.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa normally inhabits soil/water, but can infect hospitalized patients.)
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Parasites that cause damage or even death.
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Pathogens
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What temperature range is significant for pathogens?
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4 to 60 C
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What organisms require photosynthesis?
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Algae, Plants, Cyanobacteria
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Photosynthesis that occurs without producing oxygen occurs in what organism?
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Purple & Green photosynthetic bacteria
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What are extremophiles?
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Microorganisms that inhibit in extreme habitats and have made special adaptations to their conditions.
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Microorganisms that inhibit in extreme habitats and have made special adaptations to their conditions.
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Extremophiles
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a) Use oxygen and detoxify it
b) Don’t use oxygen nor detoxify it c) Don’t use oxygen and detoxify it |
Ways microbes process oxygen
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A way microbes process oxygen as an atmospheric gas.
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Respiration
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A way microbes process oxygen with Superoxide ion, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroxyl radicals.
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Oxidizing Agent
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A mediated transport mechanism that attaches a molecule to a specific protein carrier transporting polar molecules and ions across the membrane; No energy is expended (passive); Carrier protein facilitates the binding and transport
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Facilitated Diffusion
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The molecular movement in which atoms or molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher density/concentration to an area of lower density/concentration. No energy is expended.
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Diffusion
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Energy is expended to transport molecules across the cell membrane at a faster rate (sugars, amino acids, organic acids, phosphates and metal ions {K+, Na+,H+})
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Active Transport
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Name this type of transport mechanism.
Example: Group Translocation, molecule is actively captured and is chemically altered along the way; Presence of membrane proteins (permeases and pumps) |
Active Transport
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Specifity, Saturation and Competition
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Carrier Protein characteristics
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Carrier has specificity in that it binds and transports only 1 type of molecules
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Specificity
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Rate of transport of substance is limited by number of binding sites on transport protein, as substance [] increases rate of transport does too making all transporter binding sites occupied. Rate of transport reaches steady state and can’t move faster despite further increase in substance concentration
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Saturation
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2 molecules of similar shape can bind same site. Chemical with higher affinity or higher [] will be transported at greater rate
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Competition
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Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion
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Types of Passive Transport
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Carrier-Mediated Active Transport, Group Translocation and Bulk Transport
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Types of Active Transport
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Nonspecific Brownian movement
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Diffusion
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Molecule specific, transports both ways
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Transports simple sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions (Na+, K+)
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Carrier-Mediated Active Transport
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Alternate system for transporting nutrients (sugars, amino acids)
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Group Translocation (Active Transport)
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Transport Mechanism that includes the qualities of endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis
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Bulk Transport (Active Transport)
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External solute concentration lower, water higher = Net direction of solution is into the cell, therefore swelling the cell (turgidity)
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Hypotonic
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External solute concentration higher, water lower = Water diffuses outside of the cell, therefore shrinking the cell (plasmolysis)
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Hypertonic
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The environment is equal in solute concentration to the cell’s internal environment
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Isotonic
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How do halobacteria regulate osmotic pressure?
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Halobacteria living in a high-salt environment actually absorb salt to make their cells isotonic with the environment; thus, they have a physiological need for high-salt concentration in their habitats.
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If a bacteria that lives in salt water moves to freshwater what happens?
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Bacteria will become turgid.
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If a bacteria that lives in fresh water moves to salt water what happens?
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It will plasmolyze
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What are the ecological associations among microorganisms?
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Symbiotic and Nonsymbiotic
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Organisms that live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members.
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Symbiotic.
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Organsims that are free-living; relationships not required for survival.
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Nonsymbiotic.
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Mutualism, Commensualism & Parasitism.
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Types of Symbiotic Microbial Associations
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Synergism & Antagonism
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Types of Nonsymbiotic Microbial Associations
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Obilgatory, dependent; both members benefit.
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Mutualism
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The commensal benefits; other member not harmed.
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Commensalism
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Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed.
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Parasitism
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Members cooperate and share nutrients.
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Synergism
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Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others.
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Antagonism
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Commensal interaction between microorganisms arises when one member provides nutritional or protective factors needed by the other.
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Satellitism
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Lag Phase, Exponential Growth Phase, Stationary Phase, Death Phase
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Population Growth Curve
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