Microbiology Chapter 6 (T2)

Front 1

Biochemistry

Back 1

The area of science that studies chemical reactions in living systems

Front 2

ATP

Back 2

the currency of energy for the cell, produced from the breakdown of food.

Front 3

Metabolism

Back 3

sum of all chemical processes carried out by and in living organisms

Front 4

Anabolism

Back 4

reactions that make complex molecules, uses energy

Front 5

Catabolism

Back 5

reactions that break molecules, releases energy

Front 6

Oxidation

Back 6

loss or removal of electrons

Front 7

Reduction

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gain of electrons

Front 8

Autotrophs

Back 8

organisms that can make their own food using either sunlight or inorganic compounds

Front 9

Heterotrophs

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organisms that get their food from others; some using light, others breaking chemicals available to them

Front 10

Metabolic pathways

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chains or cascades of reactions; each step is regulated by an enzyme

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Enzymes

Back 11

biological catalyst and they do work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction

Front 12

biological catalyst

Back 12

substances that accelerate the rate of chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

Front 13

The relationship between the enzyme and its substrate can be represented by:

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S + E <=> S-E <=> E + P

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S=

Back 14

the molecule that binds the enzyme and upon which the enzyme acts

Front 15

E=

Back 15

biological catalyst

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P=

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Product

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S-E=

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complex that is formed transitorily

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active site

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the foldings of the protein has formed this pocket where the substrate fits perfectly like a key in its lock.

Front 19

Enzymes

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are proteins and are susceptible to denaturation by heat, change in pH, and alterations in salt concentration.

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cofactors

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usually inorganic ions like magnesium, zinc, and manganesium; these improve the fitting between the enzyme and its substrate

Front 21

coenzymes

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are bigger and can carry hydrogens or electrons during Redox reactions.

Front 22

prosthetic group (alloseric group)

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firmly attached to the enzyme

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competitive inhibition

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non substrate binds to the active site

Front 24

noncompetitive inhibition

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a non substrate binds to the enzyme AWAY from the active site, distorting its configuration and preventing the proper binding of the substrate

Front 25

ATP

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(adenosine triphosphate) is the immediate energy donor. It can be produced by subtrate-level phosphorylation

Front 26

Anaerobic

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does no require oxygen (does not mind in oxygen is present though) and takes place in the cytoplasm of the bacteria cell

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Aerobic

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Oxygen is required

Front 28

What do most enzymes require?

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coenzymes and/or cofactors to do their work

Front 29

What is meant by "enzymes have specificity?"

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they bind their substrate only (sometimes other non-substrates that look like the real thing may block the active site)

Front 30

Where does the enzyme bind to the substrate?

Back 30

the active site

Front 31

What can enzymes and substrates be involved in?

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competitive and non competitive interactions

Front 32

What are enzymatic reactions affected by?

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temperature, pH, concentration of substrate, concentration of product and concentration of enzyme

Front 33

Which molecules are going to be involved in Chemical Pathways?

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ATP, electron carriers, enzymes, and precursor metabolites

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What happens at the substrate-level phosphorylaton?

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energy is released by an exergonic reaction that fuels the addition of phosphate to ADP, making it ATP

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Where else can ATP be formed?

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by the oxidative phosphorylation, where a proton motive force drives the reaction- this process involves the transfer of electons

Front 36

What are electron carriers?

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NAD+/NADH; NADP+/NADPH; FAD/FADH2; FMN; CoQ; Cytochromes (what they stand for is in our notes)

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What are precursor metabolites?

Back 37

carbon skeletons from which macromolecules can be made

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What are the types of catabolic pathways?

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anaerobic and aerobic

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What is an anaerobic catabolic pathway?

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Glycolysis = breakdown of glusose

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What is the Glycolysis process?

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1. starting molecule: glucose
2. end molecule: 2 pyruvic acids
3. other products: 2 ATP and 2 NADH
4. the ATPs are produced through substrate level phosphorylation
5. Also know as Emden-Meyerhoff pathway

Front 41

(aerobic) What is the doorway into Krebs?

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short steps to get the correct modification of the pyruvates to go into Krebs

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What are the steps of the doorway into Krebs?

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1. pyruvic acid decarboxylated and becomes acetyl
2. acetyl combines with Coenzyme A to become acetlyCoA
3. this step produces 1NADH/pyruvate

Front 43

(aerobic) What is the Krebs Cycle?

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TCA cycle = Citric acid cycle => acetyl CoA joins oxaloacetic acid and goes through the circle transforming into a variety of compounds.

Front 44

During the Krebs Cylce, what molecules are generated?

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1. 2 NADH
2. 1 FADH2
3. 1 GTP (=ATP)
4. Since these are produced by each pyruvate, at this point, the gain is of 2 GTPs, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2

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What does the Electron Transport Chain (aerobic) require??

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a membrane

Front 46

What is the final acceptor in the ETC?

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oxygen

Front 47

Once Oxygen picks up the electrons, what does it produce?

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water

Front 48

For every NADH that enters the chain, how many ATPs are produced?

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3

Front 49

For every FADH2, that enters the chain, how many ATPs are produced?

Back 49

2

Front 50

Is the ETC aerobic or anarobic?

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aerobic, becaus without oxygen, it could not take place

Front 51

The process of making ATP through the ETC is called what?

Back 51

oxidative phsophorylation

Front 52

It requires a complex ________ to generate a proton force that ends up producing the ATP

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ATP synthase

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What happens in the ETC when oxygen is not available?

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the cell goes into fermentation mode, where very modest amounts of ATP are produced but life can go on

Front 54

The energy produced is used by the cell for:

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1. biosynthetic activities (to make things)=anabolism
2. to carry out membrane transport that requires energy
3. to allow movement
4. to emit bioluminescence

Front 55

Proteins and fats can join the pathways at different points yielding less ATP, contributing to :

Back 55

the cells' energy producing machinery