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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Candida albicans were found in the intestines of Charlie Swaart, explain how this effected his life?
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A yeast was fermenting anytime he ate carbohydrates and was rendering him drunk with out drinking any alcohol
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Describe fermentation?
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a metabolic process that turns sugar into acids, gases, or alcohol
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Define metabolism?
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refers to all the biochemical reactions taking place in an organism.
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Anabolism is a an endergonic process (energy required)... describe the process?
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1. buildup of small molecules
2. products are large molecules 3. use of photosynthesis 4. mediated by enzymes |
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Catabolism is an exergonic process (energy released)... describe the process?
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1. breakdown of large molecules
2. products are small molecules 3. glycolysis and citric acid cycle for conversion 4. mediated by enzymes |
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Anabolism vs Catabolism?
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Buildup vs Breakdown
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Endergonic?
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Energy required
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Exergonic?
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release of energy
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Metabolism outside of endergonic or exergonic processes?
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Yes
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Protein enzymes help during metabolism by?
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Speeding up chemical reactions
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Enzyme catalysis means that enzymes must have?
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Specific chemical properties
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Enzymes by definition are?
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proteins that increase the probability of chemical reactions without changing themselves
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Time frame difference when enzymes are in play?
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a few seconds vs days
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The same enzyme can catalyze the same reaction how many times per second?
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100 to 1,000
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Four common characteristics of enzymes?
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1. Reusable
2. HIghly specific 3. Have an active side 4. required in minute amounts. |
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Look for words ending in "_______" while dealing with enzymes.
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" ASE "
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Circular example of an enzyme action?
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Active side of the enzyme connects to a substrate
Creates an enzyme-substrate complex (the reactant) The enzyme breaks apart the substrate New products like alcohol are created and cycle repeats itself |
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The enzyme basically weakens the bond or in another term?
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Destabilizes it
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Lysozyme is an enzyme completely made up of protein and found?
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In human tears and saliva
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What do lysozyme's do?
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hydrolyzes the bond between NAM and NAG in gram positive cells.
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A non protein enzymes could be called?
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Cofactor
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When the nonprotein cofactor is a small organic molecule it is called?
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coenzyme
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Overall metabolism involves a series of?
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Chemical reactions controlled by separate enzymes
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Metabolic pathway?
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Sequence of chemical reactions where one enzyme is the output and also the input for the next reaction
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Intermediates?
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the products of the in between stages of the metabolic pathway
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Metabolism can control and be?
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controlled by enzymes
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Environmental temperature can affect an enzymes reaction by?
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slowing down the optimal in cold and creating denature (basically cell death) and stopping the metabolism completely
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Shifts in pH will also affect?
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enzymes reaction rate possibly causing denature
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List the three ways environmental factors will inhibit enzyme?
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Temperature
pH Chemicals (PCN) |
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Feedback inhibition?
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First enzyme is stopped, no end product
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Anytime a final end product binds to a non active site on an enzyme?
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Noncompetitive inhibition
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Competitive inhibition is ?
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When a molecule resembles an enzyme but does not activate a reaction when attached, therefore blocking the process. (similar to NARCAN)
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All enzymes are basically proteins... what is the exception?
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RNA can sometime have catalytic effects
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pH?
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concentration of hydrogen ions
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Self producing molecules of RNA are?
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ribozymes
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What is the universal energy current in cells?
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ATP
adenosine triphosphate |
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Where is ATP formed in bacteria and archaea?
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On the cell membrane
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ATP is formed where in eukaryotes?
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Mitochondria.... bacteria and archaea do not have
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Mitochondria is thought to at one point been?
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Its own bacteria outside of an eukaryotes
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ATP is a portable battery... it provides energy for?
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Binary fission
flagella active transport spore formation protein synthesis carbohydrate breakdown |
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Cyanobacteria creates its own energy without?
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Oxygen... chemical reaction with light
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Bacteria have multiple flagella, what has only one flagella?
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Sperm
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Atp is relatively?
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Unstable
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Breaking the high energy bond in ATP creates?
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A stable ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
e.g. spring in a box analogy...once open, the spring is more stable |
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Phosphorylation?
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addition of a phosphate group to another molecule
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Why chemically is ATP more unstable than ADP? (per diagram)
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It has 3 phosphate groups and ADP only has 2
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ADP can be stored, then catabolized back into ATP. (ATP cannot be stored). This is called?
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ATP/ADP cycle
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Typical bacterial cell must reform about _____ million ATP molecules from ADP??
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3
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Stop ATP transport into bacteria and?
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the cell will die, they cannot store it because they lack Mitochondria
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Summarize metabolic reactions with enzymes?
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Active site of enzymes initiates process
New product created Chain of these reactions create an end product and energy needed is ATP or energy released by breaking down ADP |
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Photosynthesis gives humans what?
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Oxygen to breathe and food
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Chloroplasts?
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accessory pigments that make up light receiving complexes called photosystems
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Thylakoid??
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Where the light absorbing process takes place
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Stack of thylakoids is called?
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Granum
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Define stroma? What takes place there?
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The fluid in and around the organelles of the chloroplast. "Calvin cycle"
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Chlorophyl don't absorb what kind of light?
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Green
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Chemical reaction in photosynthesis?
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6H2O + 6 CO2 + light = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Roots bring water + leaves absorb carbon dioxide + light = Glucose and oxygen produced |
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Two steps in photosynthesis ?
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Photo = light
Synthesis = to make... "calvin cycle" |
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Three reactants in photosynthesis?
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Water, carbon dioxide , light
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Two products of photosynthesis?
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Glucose and oxygen
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What chemicals are produced in the light phase of photosynthesis?
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NADPH
ATP |
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NADPH and ATP are the energy... they go into the Calvin cycle and bond with ?_________ to create?
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Carbon dioxide ................. Glucose
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ATP synthase?
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Every time a proton goes through the end of this cycle, and ATP is made
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Microorganisms need water and _______ for metabolism?
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nutrients.
proteins, enzymes, carbos |
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Two different patterns for an organism's metabolic needs?
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Autotrophy and heterotrophy
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Define autotroph?
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organisms that synthesize their own foods from simple carbon sources.
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Define photoautotrophs?
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those that use light as the energy source
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Oxygenic photosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis compare?
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uses water to produce oxygen
uses hydrogen sulfide to produce sulfur granules |
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Define chemoautotrophs?
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Do not use light as an energy source. They use inorganic compounds.
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Nitrogen cycle?
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a biochemical cycle that cycles nitrogen gas into nitrogenous compounds and back again.
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Heterotrophs?
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Photo = use light with preformed organic compounds such as alcohol
chemoheterotrophs = use preformed organic compounds for energy and carbon sources |
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Saprobes?
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those feeding on dead organic matter
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Parasites?
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those feeding on living organic matter
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Microorganism metabolism under the heterotrophy map concept?
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Organic compounds --- chemoheterotrophs ---- bacteria, archaea, eukarya ----- Saprobes/Parasites
Light ---- photoheterotrophs ----- green and purple non sulfur bacteria |
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Microorganism metabolism under the autotrophy map concept?
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Photoautotrophs ---- H20 or non H20 ----- Oxygenic or Anoxygenic ------ Cyanobacteria or Green and purple bacteria
Chemoautotrophs ----- Nitrosomonas, nitrobacter |
