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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name six examples of eukaryotes
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fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths, animal cells, plant cells
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When did the first eukaryotic cell emerge?
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2 billion years
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What professor is credited with the endosymbiotic theory?
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Dr. Lynn Margulis
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What is the endosymbiotic theory?
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Suggests that eukaryotic cells arose when a march larger prokaryotic cell engulfed smaller bacterial cells that began to live and reproduce inside the prokaryotic cell rather than be destroyed.
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How did mitochondria folds come about?
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cells increased surface area to grow, folded in as membrane expanded, then internal membranes were created
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What bacteria performs photosynthesis?
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cyanobacteria
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What are the external features of some eukaryotic cells?
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appendages, flagella, cilia, glycocalyx, capsules, slimes
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What are some boundarys of eukaryotic cells?
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cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane
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What are the internal features of some eukaryotic cells?
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cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles, ribosomes, cytoskeleton
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List cytoskeletal elements of a eukaryotic cell
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actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
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What is the structure of the glycocalyx?
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The outermost boundary of the cell that comes into direct contact with the environment, and is composed of polysaccharides and appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer, or a capsule.
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What is the function of the glycocalyx?
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Protect, adhere to cell surfaces, and reception of signals from other cells and from the environment.
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What is the flagellums function?
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Enables locomotion and is composed of microtubules.
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What kind of structure do microtubules have?
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9 + 2 arrangement
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What are the characteristics of cilia?
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cilia are for movement, have no appendages for attachment, and move organism sometimes, smaller and more numerous
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What two things do cilia and fimbriae have in common?
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they are short, and petritrichous and are both cellular appendages
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What are two differences of cilia and fimbriae?
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1. Cilia are for movement and fimbriae are for attachment
2. Fimbriae are on bacteria and cilia are on eukaryotes |
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What is the outer layer of the glycocalyx made of?
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polysaccharides
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What is the purpose of the glycocalyx?
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protection, adherence, and reception of signals from other cells and the environment
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What kingdoms have cell walls?
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fungi, algae, plants
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What are fungal cell walls made of?
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chitin or cellulose inside (thick layer), and mixed glycans outside (thin layer)
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What are algal cell walls made of?
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variable, cellulose or pectin or mannans or minerals
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What do bacteria use to make cell walls?
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peptidoglycan
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What characteristics does the nucleus have?
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two lipid bilayers that are parallel to one another, perforated with small openings- nuclear pores, nucleolus, and chromatin-chromosomal DNA
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How does DNA pack?
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they pack in histone proteins, and they increase their coiling during mitosis which makes them visible under a light microscope, and the chromatin are chromosomal DNA plus protein
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What is the structure of the ER?
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a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that extend out from the outer nuclear membrane
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What is the difference between RER and SER?
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Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and smooth ER does not have any ribosomes. there functions are different too
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What is the function of RER?
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synthesis and transport of proteins
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What is the function of SER?
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synthesis and transport of lipids-also calcium storage
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What vesicles transport proteins to the golgi apparatus?
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transitional vesicles
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When proteins are made by the ribosomes, where do they enter into the ER?
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lumin
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What vesicle transports protins from the Golgi to the cell membrane?
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condensing vesicles
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What are the folds in the golgi apparatus called?
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cisternae which are noncontinuous membrane networks or sacs
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
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protein modification and send them to final destinations
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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intracellular digestion of food particles, protection against invading microorganisms, and digestion and removal of cell debris.
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Where do lysosomes originate?
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lysosomes are a type of vesicle from the golgi apparatus
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What enzyme makes lysosomes acidic?
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dehydrogenase
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What is the function of mitochondria?
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site of energy generation-ATP synthesis
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What are the inner folds of the mitochondria called?
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cristae
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What does the matrix hold in the mitochondria?
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ribosomes, DNA and enzymes
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What is the structure of choloroplasts?
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have small disclike sacs called thylakoids that are stacked upon one another into grana. Surrounding the thylakoids is a groud substance called the stroma
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What is the function of chloroplasts?
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capable of converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis and they have special pigments called chlorophyll in the thylakoids
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What is the function of ribosomes?
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protein synthesis
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Where are ribosomes located?
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cytoplasm and the surface of the ER
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What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
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anchor organelles, cellular structural support, and enable cell shape changes, transport vesicles
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What are the macroscopic fungi?
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mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi
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What are the microscopic fungi?
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molds and yeasts
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Describe the yeast cell
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round oval shape, asexual reproduction by budding, and when buds stay together it is called a pseudohypae form
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Describe hypae
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long thread-like cells found in molds and can be septate or non-septate (which means cell wall between sections)
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What is a heterotroph?
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does not perform photosynthesis
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What are two types of heterotrophs?
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saprobes and parasites
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What is a saprobe?
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obtain nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats
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What is a parasite?
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obtain nutrients from a living host. diseases they cause are called mycoses
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What do absorbtive heterotrophs do?
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excrete digestive enzymes onto their foodsource, digestion occurs outside the cell, and then the cell absorbs the nutrients
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What can enzymes digest?
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feathers, hair, cellulose, petroleum products, wood, and rubber
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Describe three asexual reproductions fungi can do
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simple outward growth of existing hyphae, fragmentation of hyphae, asexual spores generated by mitosis, and sexual spores generated by meiosis
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What are the two types of asexual spores?
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sporangiospores and conidia spores
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What are the three types of sexual spores?
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zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores
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What are the functions of fungal spores?
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reproduction, survival, genetic variation, dissemination
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What is the function of endospores?
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survival
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What is the function of cysts?
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survival
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Fungal spores are not like endospores in this way.
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They are not dormant
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What is in division 1 of fungal classification?
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(zygospores)-zygomycota which are most free living saprobes and a few parasites
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What is in division 2 of fungal classifications?
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(ascospores)- ascomycota which are many human and plant pathogens
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What is in division 3 of fungal classifications?
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(basidiospores)-Basidiomycota which are some plant parasites and one human pathogen
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What is in division 4 of fungal classifications?
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(no sexual spores)-Deuteromycota which are mostly free living though several are pathogenic
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What kind of pathogens take advantage of immune system weakness?
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opportunistic pathogens
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What fungal infections do not hurt or as bad?
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superficial
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Photosynthetic algae are in...
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both marine and fresh waters
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macroscopic members of algae are...
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seaweeds and kelps
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microscopic members of algae are...
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many types most are free-living and only a few cause human disease
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heterotrophics include...
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protozoa-most are free-living and some cause serious disease in humans
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characteristics of protozoa
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no choloroplasts, no cell wall, some absorb and some have cilia that ingest food into oral groove
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clear outerlayer for locomotion, feeding and protection
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ectoplasm
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granular inner region in the nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, ER, and Golgi
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Endoplasm
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how do protozoa move?
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pseudopods, flagella, cilia
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habitats of protozoa
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freshwater or marine water, soil, and plants and animals
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how do protozoa reproduce
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asexual and sexual
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describe trophozoite
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active, motile, feeding stage
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describe encystment
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a dormant stage for survival
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Classification of mastigophora
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flagellated
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classification of sarcodina
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amoebas
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classification of ciliophora
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ciliated
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classification of apicomplexa
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sporozoa
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two kinds of flatworms
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tapeworms and flukes
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tapeworms are known as
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cestodes
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flukes are known as
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tremetodes
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roundworms are known as...
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nematodes
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example of a multicellular organism
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helminth
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example of a colonial organism
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fungi
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example of unicellular organism
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protozoa
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definition of heterotrophic
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acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic materials called substrates
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where do fungi thrive?
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high salt or sugar content, at a relatively high temperature, and even in snow and glaciers
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definition of a protist
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any unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissue
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how are cilia and pili that same
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both appendages
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how are cilia and pili different
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cilia are for movement while pili are for DNA exchange and cilia is eukaryotic structure and pili is prokaryotic structure
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autotrophs
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use inorganic carbon sources
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heterotrophs
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use organic carbon sources
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