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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between meningitis and encephalitis?
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meningitis – infection of the meninges
encephalitis – infection of the brain |
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3 layers of membranes covering the CNS (meninges):
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1. Dura mater – outer layer
2. Arachnoid 3. Pia mater – inner layer Cerebrospinal fluid is contained in the subarachnoid space in between the arachnoid and the pia mater |
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Describe the derivation of the name, Hemophilus influenzae.
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"Hemophilus" means blood loving due to fact that X and Y blood factors are needed. "influenzae" was erroneously given because the microorganism was thought to cause influenza. It is part of the normal throat microbiota but causes most cases (45%) of bacterial meningitis
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Why doesn't penicillin cure tetanus?
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Tetanus symptoms are caused by the neurotoxin produced by the bacteria, not bacterial growth.
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What is the Salk vaccine?
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Injected vaccine consisting of 3 serotypes of inactivated, formilin–treated poliovirus. Booster doses needed.
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What is the Sabin vaccine?
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Oral vaccine consisting of 3 serotypes of attenuated poliovirus. Cheaper; used in US; reversion possible
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Provide etiology, method of transmission, reservoirs, and symptoms for rabies.
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Rabies is caused by the rabies virus, is transmitted by the bite/saliva of infected animals. Reservoirs include foxes, bats, raccoons, skunks, and other animals. Symptoms include spasms, hydrophobia, and CNS damage.
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When and why is the incidence of arbovirus encephalitis higher?
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Higher in summer months because mosquito is the vector.
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Which cause of meningitis is acquired by ingestion of contaminated food?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Which fungal infection can cause meningitis?
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Cryptococcus neoformans (cryptococcoisis)
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How is Cryptococcus neoformans spread?
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By the inhalation of dried infected pigeon droppings
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What is the pre–exposure treatment plan of rabies?
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HDCV (human diploid cell vaccine)
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What is the post–exposure treatment plan for rabies?
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RIG + HDCV
human rabies immune globulin along with multiple intramuscular human diploid cell vaccine injections |
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How is polio transmitted?
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Ingestion of water contaminated with feces
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What characterizes the tuberculoid form of leprosy? What is the lepromin test result?
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Tuberculoid form is characterized by loss of sensation in the skin surrounded by nodules. The lepromin test is positive.
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What is the lepromatous form of leprosy? What is the lepromin test result?
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In the lepromatous form disseminated nodules and tissue necrosis occurs. The lepromin test is negative.
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What is the treatment for leprosy?
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Sulfone drugs make leprosy noncommunicable within a few days.
specifically, dapsone and rifampin |
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What is the treatment for Cryptococcosis?
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Amphotericin B, flucytosine
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What is the treatment for Listeriosis?
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Penicillin
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What is the treatment for bacterial meningitis?
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Third generation cephalosporins; key says penicillin
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Name 4 diseases caused by prions.
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Sheep scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalitis affect animals. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and kuru affect humans.
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What conditions are necessary for microbial growth of Clostridium botulinum?
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anaerobic and neutral pH
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What are the symptoms of botulism?
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blurred vision occurs within 1–2 days; progressive flaccid paralysis follows for 1–10 days, possibly resulting in death from respiratory failure.
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What are the symptoms of tetanus?
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Spasms, lockjaw, rigid paralysis
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What is the treatment for sleeping sickness?
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Suramin, melarsoprol
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What is the cause of death for bacterial meningitis?
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lipid soluble endotoxins released at cell death
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S/S for B. meningitis
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1) Headache
2) cloudy CSF 3) stiff neck w/ head looking down 4) vomiting |
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What is the moratility rate for untreated meningitis?
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close to 100 %
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B. meningitis may kill a person w/ in 24 hrs after onset of symptoms. What is this related to?
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shock and inflammation
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Most bacterial infections are caused by one of the following:
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Hemophilus, streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitids
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Why are pathogenic strains of these bacteria so lethal?
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They contain virulence factors that facilitates tranfer across the blood brain barrier and are antiphagocytic
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what was thought to have caused the influenza pandemic?
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Hemophilus influenzae– normal flora on the back of the throat
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what do more than half of the Hemophilus influenzae cases present as?
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meningitis
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what has decreased the incidence of H. influenzae meningitis?
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vaccine developed in 1988
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what is the second leading cause of bacterial pnuemonia deaths in children in developing countries?
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Hemophilus influenzae
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what is the most suceptible group for H. influenzae?
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children: 6 months–2 yrs
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What is the Tx for H. influenzae?
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Cephalosporin
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streptococcus pneumoniae is more likely to cause what?
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pneumonia
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how many hospititalizations occur per year for pneumonia?
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100,000–135,000
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How many cases per year of meningitis does S. pneumoniae cause?
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2500
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how many cases of meningitis is S. pneumoniae responsible for in those people over 40?
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over half
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What are the susceptible groups for S. pneumoniae?
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Immunosuppressed individuals
1– Infants 2– alcoholics |
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What is another name for Neisseria Meningitis?
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meningococcal disease
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what is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults?
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meningococcal disease
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where does the Niesseria normally present itself?
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normal flora in the nose and throat of asymptomatic carriers
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How is Neisseria transmitted?
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person to person via resp. droplets
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How does Neisseria get passed the IGA in the mucus membranes on the throat?
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posses IGA protease that inactivates it
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What are the susceptible groups for Neisseria?
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1) Military recruits
2) freshman dorms 3) those exposed to cigarette smoke 4) stressful, crowded situations |
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What it the Tx for Neisseria?
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penicillin
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What is the Etiology for Tetanus?
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Clostridium Tetani
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C. tetani is:
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anaerobic and an endospore forming
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How does the infection in Tetanus occur?
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spores contaminate a deep anaerobic wound, bacteria does not spread from wound site
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What is the neurotoxin that is responsible for tetanus?
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tetanospasmin (exotoxin)
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What is the action of tetanospasmin?
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interferes with inhibtory nerve messages–> muscles constantly contract and causes rigid paralysis
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How can you die from Tetanus?
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spasm of the diaphram
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Can tetanus be prevented?
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Yes. tetanus toxoid prevents infection
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how often do you need a booster for tetanus?
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every 10 years
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What is the treatment for tetanus?
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1) preformed tetanus immune globins
2) incision and debridement of wound |
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What is the Etiology for Botulism?
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Clostridium Botulinium
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C. botulinium is:
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anaerobic, endospore former
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The infection of C. botulinium occurs when:
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improperly canned foods are eaten, or ingested by babies
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What is the effect of the toxin produced by C. botulinium?
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Extemely potent neurotoxin that blocks release of acetylcholine and leads to flaccid paralysis
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Is there an immunization for Botulism?
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NO
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What is the Tx for botulism?
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Admin of antitoxin antibodies, sophisticated life support
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What is the Etiology for Leprosy?
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Mycobacterium leprae
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What are the two forms of Leprosy?
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1)Tuberculoid (anesthetic)
2)Lepromatous (nodular) |
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What happens in Tuberculoid Leprosy?
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Skin loses pigment and sensitivity
Neural involvement and gradual atrophy and bone re–absorption |
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What are the characteristics of Lepromatous Leprosy
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1) Enlarged disfiguring granulomas called lepromas
2) intracellular masses of lepra bacilli cause foamy cytoplam |
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What is the transmission for leprosy?
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breaks in skin, inhalation of contaminated nasal secretions
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How communicable is Leprosy?
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Least communicable of infectious diseases
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Why is M. leprae hard to study?
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It will not grow on an artificial medium
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what is the optimal grow temperature for M. leprae?
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30 degrees C (86 F)
grows best in cool places (earlobes, hands, nose, feet) |
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what is the incubation period of leprosy?
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2–10 years
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what is the generation time for M. leprae?
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1 every 12 days
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Where would you find the M. Leprae if it infected the body?
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peripheral nerve cells
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The M. Leprae bacterium causes:
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chronic neurological inflammation which leads to loss of feeling
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In Leprosy, there is a delayed hypersenstivity which is accountable for:
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formation of lesions and nodules
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