Microbiology Chapter 22

Front 1

how many people in the world do not have access to clean water?

Back 1

1 billion people

Front 2

how many people in the world do not have ANY sanitation?

Back 2

2.5 billion

Front 3

what is biofilm?

Back 3

the continuously forming coating of MOs and organic matter on the surface of the teeth
-forms rapidly and is difficult to remove

Front 4

what is the most common cause of plaque?

Back 4

streptococcus mutans among others

Front 5

what are carries?

Back 5

cavities

Front 6

what combination produces carries, or cavities?

Back 6

sugar and strep. mutans

Front 7

how does strep mutan attack us?

Back 7

uses the sugar we eat to produce lactic acid, which gradually eats away the enamel of the tooth

Front 8

what is periodontal disease?

Back 8

gum disease and the erosion of the ligaments that support the teeth

Front 9

what is ginigivitis?

Back 9

mild gum inflammation

Front 10

what is acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis?

Back 10

more severe gum disease; aka trench mouth; can be a problem with diabetics

Front 11

what is periodontitis?

Back 11

the tissues supporting the teeth and gums fall apart, this is followed by a loss of bone: most severe

Front 12

what is the primary cause of periodontal disease?

Back 12

anaerobic bacteria in the mouth that produce endotoxins and acids that produce an inflammatory effect

Front 13

how do you treat periodontal disease?

Back 13

-antimicrobial mouth rinses

Front 14

what causes mumps?

Back 14

paramyxovirus

Front 15

what is the course of infection taken by the paramyxovirus (causing mumps)?

Back 15

-then travels through the blood to the salivary glands (testes, ovaries and meninges and pancreas)

Front 16

if a post-pubescent male is infected with mumps, what can result?

Back 16

if it is a testicular infection it can cause sterility

Front 17

what is mumps pancreatitis is associated with?

Back 17

juvenile onset diabetes (type I): the virus can destroy the islets of longerhans-which are responsible for producing insulin

Front 18

how does staphylococcal enterotoxins cause disease?

Back 18

by the release of enterotoxins A and D into the food

Front 19

what do the toxins released by stphlococcal cause?

Back 19

-inflammation of the intestinal lingin
-prevent water reabsorption by the colon: diahrrhea
-stimulate vomiting centers in the brain: vomiting
-this is the quickest virus

Front 20

what are the usual food suspects of containing staphylococcal enterotoxins?

Back 20

cream pies, dairy products and potato salad

Front 21

how long can the staphylococcal enterotoxins be boiled and still cause disease?

Back 21

30 minutes

Front 22

how long does it take before staphylococcal enterotoxin infection kicks in?

Back 22

24

Front 23

when is the only time clostridium perfringens produce their toxin?

Back 23

during sporulation

Front 24

where is clostridium perfringens normally found?

Back 24

undercooked meats and gravies

Front 25

what are the symptoms of clostridium perfringens and how long does it take for them to appear and how long do they last?

Back 25

-symptoms: abdominal pain and diarrhea
-symptoms appear 8-24 hours after consumption
-symptoms last for 12-18 hrs

Front 26

what is the causative agent for botlism and which system does the toxin effect

Back 26

clostridium botulinum: effects nervous system

Front 27

how does botulism inhibit the nervous system and what does it ultimately cause?

Back 27

it inhibits the release of acetyl choline causing flaccid paralysis
-infants can get this from eating honey

Front 28

what problems does botulism cause?

Back 28

seeing, speaking, swallowing, breathing

Front 29

what is bacillus cereus?

Back 29

-an emetic toxin that produces vomiting
-intestinal infestation produces diarrhea

Front 30

what are the main foods that cause bacillus cereus?

Back 30

grains, vegetables or dairy products: fried rice is really bad

Front 31

how long after ingestion do symptoms occur and where would an "outbreak" of bacillus cereus be common

Back 31

12 hours after ingestion
lasts only a short time: southern baptist convention

Front 32

how many cases occur annually of salmonellosis and what is it caused by?

Back 32

almost 2 million
-caused by many different species of Salmonella, 2,000 strains have been identified by their surface antigens: serotyped (each type of salminella has a specific antigen) at a state wide hospital

Front 33

where is salmonella found?

Back 33

normal flora for most birds and rodents: found in bird feces: infected chickens can lay infected eggs
-90% of pet reptiles
-foods containing uncooked eggs and meats

Front 34

what is inflammatory enteritis?

Back 34

abdominal pain, fever and diarrhea with blood and mucous

Front 35

what causes inflammatory enteriits?

Back 35

slamonella enteritidis

Front 36

what produces the fever that occurs 8-48 hrs after ingestion of salmonella enteritidis?

Back 36

the endotoxin

Front 37

what is the treatment for salmonella enteritidis?

Back 37

antibiotics are not usually given to healthy adults, the diesease is self limiting (1-4 days)
-infants and elderly are treated more aggressively

Front 38

what causes typhoid fever?

Back 38

salmonella typhi

Front 39

how is typhoid fever transmitted?

Back 39

by ingestion of contaminated food and water supplies

Front 40

how does salmonella typhi attack the human body/

Back 40

colonize the upper small intestine, enter the lymphatics and then the blood

Front 41

who was typhoid mary?

Back 41

a cook whose gall bladder was infected with salmonella typhi. lots of people died from eating the food she made because it became infected with salmonella typhi.

Front 42

what occurs during the same time symptoms appear in typhoid fever?

Back 42

bacteremia

Front 43

what are signs of typhoid

Back 43

-formation of peyer's patches (rose colored spots) on abdomen
-decrease in wbc count
-no diarrhea

Front 44

treatment for typhoid fever?

Back 44

chloramphenicol is the drug of choice, some resistance has developed

Front 45

what is typhoid fever also known as?

Back 45

enteric fever

Front 46

what causes shigellosis?

Back 46

several species of shigella

Front 47

how is sheigellosis transmitted?

Back 47

through fecal/oral

Front 48

what percent of infant diarrheas are caused by shigella?

Back 48

15%

Front 49

where are breakouts of shigellosis common?

Back 49

day care centers

Front 50

as few as how many organisms can cause a shigellosis infection?

Back 50

10

Front 51

describe the steps of shigellosis

Back 51

incubation of 1-4 days followed by profuse bloody, pus filled diarrhea
-no sepsis

Front 52

what do some strains of shigella produce?

Back 52

shiga toxin: which can cause confulsions, coma and death

Front 53

what is the best preventative tactic against shigellosis?

Back 53

good sanitation

Front 54

what is the treatment for shigellosis?

Back 54

restore fluids and electrolytes
treatment is aggressive with quinolones

Front 55

what is the causative agent of cholera and what are its characteristics?

Back 55

CA: vibrio Cholera
-bacteria survives well in slightly alkaline water, especially if feces are present
-infections often follow natural disasters

Front 56

what percent of cases involving cholera are fatal?

Back 56

75%

Front 57

What does the causative agent of cholera (vibrio cholera) produce?

Back 57

a potent enterotoxin called choleragen

Front 58

what does a cholera infection result in?

Back 58

significant loss of fluid (22 L a day) and electrolytes from the intestine and shedding the epithelial layer in the intestinal tract
-the membranous pieces form the intestinal tract come out in diarrhea and resemble rice "rice water stool"

Front 59

how do you treat cholera?

Back 59

-fluid and electrolyte replacement are the most effective treatment
-Tetracycline may reduce the duration of symptoms

Front 60

what is the causative agent of Traveler's diarrhea and what does the infection result in?

Back 60

E. Coli
-various strains of E coli are common to specific geographical regions
-results in mild to severe form of diarrhea

Front 61

what should you be careful with when traveling to other places, in association with E. Coli?

Back 61

-don't eat anything you can't peal that has been grown in the ground.
-if you travel outside of your region, you will be exposed to other strains of bacteria

Front 62

what is the causative agent of peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis and what does it do?

Back 62

CA: helicobacter pylori
-bacteria breaks down urea to produce ammonia to neutralize stomach acid around the area of the bacterial growth
-can produce either ulcers or gastritis

Front 63

what is the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis?

Back 63

clostridium difficile (c. diff)

Front 64

what are the symptoms associated with pseudomembranous colitis?

Back 64

abdominal cramps, greenish, strong smell, super infection, diarrhea, fever and toxic megacolon

Front 65

what is a toxic megacolon and what is it associated with?

Back 65

-intestinal tract swells in a particuar area and eventually bursts, at this point surgery is needed
-associated with C. Diff

Front 66

what is the treatment for psuedomembranous colitis (c. diff)?

Back 66

vancomycin

Front 67

what is are the 3 causative agents of viral enteritis?

Back 67

rotavirus, enterovirus and norwalk virus (aka norovirus)

Front 68

the causative agent rotavirus (assoc. with viral enteritis) is transmitted how and what is it the main cause of?

Back 68

transmitted by the fecal-oral route
-major cause of infant death in developing countries

Front 69

which causative agent caused an outbreak of viral enteritis in Hope College

Back 69

norwalk virus (norovirus)

Front 70

what does hepatitis cause?

Back 70

inflammation of the liver

Front 71

what is the causative agent of hepatitis A and how is it transmitted?

Back 71

picornavirus
-fecal-oral transmission

Front 72

describe the illness associated with Hep. A?

Back 72

15-40 day incubation pd
-acute febrile illness, liver inflammation and reduction in liver function
-self limiting,usually not very severe
-common "fast food" disease

Front 73

how is hepatitis B transmitted?

Back 73

same as HIV: body fluids, especially blood
-also by shared razor blades

Front 74

describe the illness associated with Hep B

Back 74

-long incubation pd (over 90 days)
-virus replicates in liver cells ultimately destroying them
-infection persists for years
-no cure; but vaccine is 95% effective
-associated with liver cancer

Front 75

describe the illness associated with Hep C?

Back 75

-causes the release of the liver enzyme alanine transferase into the blood
-cirrhosis of liver and liver cancer
-no immunity

Front 76

20% of hep C cases can progress to what?

Back 76

cirrhosis and liver cancer

Front 77

alone, Hep D doesn't cause disease, but when in combination with _____ it can cause __________

Back 77

-Hep B
-severe disease and death usually occur
"B + D = disease and death"

Front 78

what causes giardiasis and how is it transmitted?

Back 78

CA: Giardia intestinalis
-transmitted by water contaminated with beaver, bear and dear feces
-occurs when cyst containing material is ingested

Front 79

describe how the organism giardia intestinalis causes infection and what are the symptoms

Back 79

found in feces
-parasite load can become heavy, stools are copious and frothy due to increased fat content

Front 80

what are the symptoms of of giardiasis?

Back 80

heavy stools that are copious and frothy due to increased fat content

Front 81

how does one prevent against giardiasis?

Back 81

clean water supplies
-"potable water" is drinkable

Front 82

what causes amoebic dysentery and how is it transmitted?

Back 82

CA: entamoeba histoytica
-fecal oral transmission: contaminated water supplies

Front 83

what are the symptoms of amoebic dysentery?

Back 83

abdominal tenderness and 30 or more stools per day

Front 84

what are the 3 main types of fungal toxins?

Back 84

aflatoxin, ergot and amanita toxins

Front 85

describe the fungal toxin, aflatoxin

Back 85

the most potent carcinogen ever discovered
-mold infected grain (corn) and peanuts
-associated with liver cancer

Front 86

describe the fungal toxin, ergot

Back 86

found in rye products
-produces hallucinations, high fever, convulsions and death
-thought to be the cause of the Salem Witch Trials
-variants of this toxin are used as therapeutic agents

Front 87

describe the fungal toxin, amanita

Back 87

found in mushrooms
-causes damage to the liver by completely inhibiting RNA polymerase
-sufficient quantity can kill a person

Front 88

which type of tapeworm is found in uncooked pork? in beef? and how long can they grow, respectively?

Back 88

pork: taenia solium: 7 m
beef: taenia saginata: 25 m

Front 89

what do tapeworms result in?

Back 89

malnutrition and blockages

Front 90

what is the causative agent of tricinosis and where is it found, describe the specimen, how it attacks the body and what the treatment is?

Back 90

trichonella spiralis
-usually caused by pork and venison in the US
-lives in temperate clilmates
-often form cysts in the chewing muscles but can invade elsewhere
-no cure, treatment is symptomatic

Front 91

describe ascaris

Back 91

-eggs are ingested and hatch in the intestine
-can cause severe immmunological reactions
-malnutrition from heavy parasite load
-wandering worms can cause abscesses (and fear)

Front 92

describe the "pinworm"

Back 92

-eggs give rise to worms in the intestine
-very common in children
-infestation also tends to run in families
-test this by pressing scotch tape against the anus, put it in a vile and send it to a lab to be examined by a microscope