Microbiology Chapter 18

Front 1

How is naturallyacquired active immunity different from artificially acquired active immunity?

Back 1

Naturally AcquiredActive Immunity Antibodies are formed in the presence of active infection inbody - Duration: lifelong

ArtificiallyAcquired Active Immunity Antigens (vaccines/toxoids) are administered to theperson to stimulate antibody production - Duration: many years

Front 2

What is antitoxin?

Back 2

An antibody that counteracts atoxin.

Front 3

What would be a primary advantage of passive immunity with diseasessuch as tetanus?

Back 3

Time. You can quicklyneutralize the toxin with a passive administration of antibodies to save thepatient's life when no is available for them to make their own active immuneresponse.

Front 4

Childhood diseases such as measles and mumps are rare now, so why is itimportant for children to be immunized against them?

Back 4

There is always the likelihoodthat another country could import one of these illnesses into the US, sparkingan outbreak of new infections, if we aren't all properly vaccinated. By keeping the populationvaccinated, we keep incidence rates of these illnesses very low. This helps toprotect people that cannot be vaccinated If we lose herd immunity byremoving mandatory vaccination, our population will become susceptible to theseillnesses again in a short period of time.'

Front 5

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent for avaccine rather than just an antigen from that agent?

Back 5

An attenuated agent stronglystimulates both the antibody giving the best comprehensive long-term protectionavailable.

Front 6

What is the significance of a rise in titer of specific antibodies inserum samples taken at different times?

Back 6

Reciprocal of last dilutionthat gives a detectable antigen-antibody reaction

Front 7

How are polyclonal antibodies different frommonoclonal antibodies?

Back 7

Monoclonal antibodiesrecognize only a single epitope and are difficult and expensive to produce

Front 8

Would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection bemonoclonal or polyclonal?

Back 8

Polyclonal

Front 9

What equipment is required for a fluorescent antibody test that is notrequired for an ELISA?

Back 9

Fluorescence microscopy

Front 10

How is immune globulin differentfrom hyperimmune globulin?

Back 10

Hyperimmune globulin (antibodies to specific disease)

Immune globulin (IgG fraction from many donors; variety)

Front 11

Describeadvantages of an attenuated vaccine over an inacti­vated one.

Back 11

Elicits stronger immune response, but cansometimes cause disease

Front 12

Describe advantages of aninactivated vaccine over an attenu­ated one.

Back 12

Elicits weaker immune response, but cannot cause infections

Front 13

What is herd immunity?

Back 13

Immunity developed when critical portion of population is immune todisease; infectious agent unable to spread due to insufficient susceptiblehosts

Front 14

Describe how both active andpassive immunization can be used to combat tetanus.

Back 14

Hyperimmunoglobin – serumcontaining high amounts of antibodies for certain diseases

Front 15

Isblood typing an example of a precipitation reaction or an agglu­tinationreaction?

Back 15

Agglu­tination reaction

Front 16

How attenuated vaccines are produced by mutation?

Back 16

Grown under conditions resulting inmutations, or genetically manipulated to replace genes

Front 17

Why sabin vaccines are advantageous over salk vaccines?

Back 17

Sabin - Cheaper oral vaccination,Induced better mucosal immunity so better herd immunity

Front 18

Name three novel type vaccines? Why novel vaccines would not have anyside effect?

Back 18

Peptide vaccines - key antigenicpeptides from pathogensEdible vaccines - transfer genesfor key antigens into plants; could eliminate global difficulties of transport,storageDNA-based vaccines – inject intomuscle tissue, which expresses for a short time

Front 19

What do you understand by serum and plasma?

Back 19

Serum is used to provide immunityto a pathogen or toxin by inoculation or as a diagnostic agent

Plasma is the colorless fluid partof blood in which fat globules are suspended.

Front 20

What are myeloma cells?

Back 20

Cancer of plasma cells

Front 21

Give an example of immunization that elicits activeimmunity?

Back 21

Sabin polioimmunization

Front 22

What kind of immunity does breast feeding provide?

Back 22

NaturalPassive immunity

Front 23

What ideal factors should be considered fordeveloping vaccines?

Back 23

Effective inprotecting against disease, Inexpensive, stable, easily administered

Front 24

Why measles vaccine should not be given to severelyimmunosuppressed people?

Back 24

Its anattenuated vaccine

Front 25

Among the chickenpox, mumps,rubella, salk polio, and yellow fever, which one is not an attenuated vaccine?

Back 25

Salk polio

Front 26

Name an important subunit vaccinethat is widely used.

Back 26

Acellular Pertussis

Front 27

What method would you use to quantify antibodies in apatient’s serum?

Back 27

Immune globulin (IgG)

Front 28

Name different types of immunological testing.

Back 28

Immunoassays,serology

Front 29

All of the following are matching pairs exceptELISA—radioactivelabel.fluorescence-activatedcell sorter—flow cytometry.fluorescentantibody test—microscopy.Western blot—gel electrophoresis.

Back 29

ELISA—radioactive label

Front 30

What is Toxoid?

Back 30

Toxins treated to destroy toxic part, retain antigenic epitopes