Microbiology Chapter 16

Front 1

Resistance

Back 1

Abilities of our bodies to ward off disease through our non specific/specific defenses

Front 2

Susceptibility

Back 2

Vunerability or lack of defenses

Front 3

Innate Immunity (nonspecific resistance)

Back 3

defense that protects you against any type of a pathogen "early warning system"

Front 4

First line of defense

Back 4

intact skin,mucous membranes, normal microbiota

Front 5

Second Line of defense

Back 5

phagocytes (wbc), inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances

Front 6

Adaptive Immunity (acquired/specific resistance)

Back 6

defense that protects you against very specific pathogens that breach the innate immune system (lymphocytes, tcells, bcells, and antibodies

Front 7

skin

Back 7

exposed directly to m/o and external objects that can cut abrade tear (vunerable to infection-skin dryness normally can inhibit pathogens)

Front 8

mucus membranes

Back 8

covers tissues/organs of body cavity exposed to exterior: gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract

Front 9

non physical mechanical factors

Back 9

tears, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions, mucus, ciliary escalator

Front 10

physical barriers

Back 10

skin, mucus membranes

Front 11

tears, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions

Back 11

wash away m/o that get in abnormal areas

Front 12

mucus

Back 12

slightly viscous glycoprotein that traps m/o

Front 13

ciliary escalator

Back 13

lower respiratory tract; propel dust and m/o out of lungs towards your throat; coughing/sneezing speed up escalator

Front 14

Chemical factors

Back 14

Sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice, transferrins

Front 15

sebum

Back 15

(oil production, sebaceous glands of skin) unsaturated fatty acids in sebum protective effect against some pathogens/fungi

Front 16

lysozyme(in body fluids)

Back 16

perspiration, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions (effective at breaking down G+ cell walls=peptidoglycan)

Front 17

gastric juice (stomach acid)

Back 17

hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus (many pathogens/toxins destroyed except toxins of clostridium botulinum and staphylococcus aureus

Front 18

Transferrins (Iron binding proteins in blood)

Back 18

inhibit bacterial growth by binding iron >too much iron can inhibit phagocytes and result in infection

Front 19

Normal Microbiota

Back 19

microbaial antagonism (out compete for nutrients and create unfavorable conditions)

Front 20

2nd line of defense:

Back 20

phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substaces

Front 21

phagocytosis (eat cell)

Back 21

ingestion of m/o or cellular debris by specif cell type>phagocyte (macrophage)

Front 22

inflammation

Back 22

damage to body tissue 1.infection 2. physical (sharps, heat, electricity) 3. chemicals (acids bases)

Front 23

signs

Back 23

visually see

Front 24

symptoms

Back 24

not apparent to observer

Front 25

functions of inflammation

Back 25

causative agent and its byproducts removed (if destruction not possible: limit the effects of agent by confining it walling it off, or replace and repair damage tissues)

Front 26

stages after tissue damage has occurred

Back 26

1. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, 2. phagocyte migration and 3. phagocytosis, tissue repair

Front 27

Vasodilation

Back 27

blood vessels dilate resulting in increased blood flow to the damaged area resulting in redness and heat

Front 28

increased vascular permeability

Back 28

allowing defensive substances normally found in the blood to enter the injured area which will result in migration of phagocytes and phagocytosis

Front 29

chemotaxis

Back 29

chemical substances(cytokines) draw the phagocytes to the injury site>within 1 hr of injury and inflammation, phagocytes are on the "scene"

Front 30

Margination

Back 30

phagocytes in the blood start sticking to the blood vessel wall in response to the cytokines

Front 31

emigration (diapedesis)

Back 31

phagocytes squeeze through blood vessel endothelium to reach damaged area

Front 32

phagocytosis

Back 32

of the invading m/o will eventually result in macrophage death after a large # of m/o engulfed >macrophage death >pass until infection subsides

Front 33

tissue repair

Back 33

tissue is replaced after all harmful substances removed from injury site

Front 34

inflammation

Back 34

local response (site of contact) to body injury

Front 35

fever

Back 35

elevated body temp

Front 36

systemic:

Back 36

spread throughout body

Front 37

fever

Back 37

systemic response due to bacteria, toxins, viruses that cause hypothalamus (in brain) to raise body temp from 98,6F to replace tissue and increase T cells
(complications: high heart rate, higher metabolic rate, electrolyte imbalances, seizures in young children, delirium, and coma >112-114 F =death

Front 38

Antimicrobial Substances

Back 38

complement systems

Front 39

complement systems

Back 39

defensive system consisting of greater than 30 serum proteins produced by the liver

Front 40

cascade even that results in the activation of protein C3:

Back 40

classical, lectin, alternative

Front 41

classical

Back 41

Antibody: Antigen

Front 42

Lectin:

Back 42

Macrophage ingests bacteria

Front 43

Alternative

Back 43

complement protein and pathogen

Front 44

complement fixation (cytolysis)

Back 44

"MAC attack" loss of cellular contents through a transmembrane channel or pore in the m/o c5>c9

Front 45

enhancement of inflammation

Back 45

blood vessel permeability is increased and chemotactic attraction of phagoctyes by cytokines

Front 46

opsonization

Back 46

C3b coating different m/o results in enhanced phagocytosis