Microbiology Chapter 14 And 15

Front 1

Definition of pathogen and an example of it

Back 1

an organism capable of causing disease

Front 2

Definition of symbiosis and an example...

Back 2

a relationship that two organisms living together have;
us and normal flora living together:

Front 3

definition of mutualism and an example

Back 3

both members benefit;
termites and bacteria that are in their gut, enables termites to digest wood

Front 4

definition of parasitism and an example

Back 4

one member benefits the other is harmed;
parasites in general, humans with worms, worms benefit and the humans are harmed

Front 5

definition of commensalism and an example

Back 5

somewhere in between;
normal flora on your skin; bacteria benefits and we do somewhat by protecting us from UV damage

Front 6

definition of contamination and an example

Back 6

microorganisms are present;
nurse changes a wound on a pateint, doesn't have gloves on, she becomes contaminated along with the patient, doesn't wash her hands after.

Front 7

definiton of infection and an example

Back 7

multiplication of any parasitic (bacteria, fungi etc) organism either in or on the host body;
say the woman didn't wash her hands after she changed the dressing and she had a cut. They had clostridium P and the spores produced by it gets into her cut and causes an infection

Front 8

definition of disease and an example

Back 8

any disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot perform its normal functions;
she doesn't put neosporin on it and realizes it is becoming more inflamed and has puss coming out and it is turning black. At this point she has clostridium p; break down of tissue

Front 9

definition of pathogenicity and an 2 examples

Back 9

the degree to which an organism can cause disease;
mycobacterium tuberculosis: number one cause of death due to infection
staphylococcus epidermidis: normal flora on your skin, for it to cause an infection it needs to get in to a cut or a wound

Front 10

definition of virulence and example

Back 10

refers to the intensity of the disease produced by the organism:
some organisms have more virulence, they are able to cause a more serious or pathogenic disease

Front 11

definition of animal passage and example

Back 11

often diseases become more virulent as they pass through individuals;
as influenza passes from person to person it can grow in its intensity, gaining virulence

Front 12

definition of attenuation and example

Back 12

the weakening of the disease producing ability of a pathogen (many attenuated MOs are used as vaccines):
organisms create weaker and weaker strains as you pass them through; pasteur and rabies

Front 13

how many cells are in the human body? how many more bacteria?

Back 13

10 trillion cells; 10 times that

Front 14

definition of normal microbiota and the 2 sub groups

Back 14

those micro organisms that livein the body but do not cause disease:
resident and transient microbiota

Front 15

definition of resident microbiota and example

Back 15

the micro organisms that are always present on the human body:
e.coli that is always in you gut under normal conditions

Front 16

definition of transient microbiota and an example

Back 16

the micro organism that may be present at any given time if the conditions are right:
flora may be present under certain conditions: vaginal pH is 4.7; if pH is raised, other organism can flourish there causing infection

Front 17

what is the most common cause for UTIs?

Back 17

e. coli

Front 18

define opportunists and name the 3 things that make the opportunity available

Back 18

normally do not cause disease, but if the conditions are right they can produce disease;
failure of the immune system
introduction to a different body site
disturbances of the normal balances of micro organisms

Front 19

what is the purpose of Koch's postulates?

Back 19

figure out what is causing the infectious disease

Front 20

what are the four steps to koch's postulates?

Back 20

1. the specific causative agent must be found in every case of disease
2. the disease organism must be isolated in pure culture
3. incubation of a sample of the culture into a healthy, susceptible organism must produce the same disease
4. the disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal

Front 21

definition of inherited and an example

Back 21

caused by mistakes in the DNA that are inherited from the parents:
sickle cell anemia-RBCs are s-shaped and spleen takes them out. actually keeps people from contracting malaria but causes them to contract other disease easily

Front 22

definition of congenital and example

Back 22

structural and functional diseases that are present at birth, caused by drugs, radiation, and certain infections:
TORCH series-tosoplasma, rubella, varicella, CSF and HSV

Front 23

definition of degenerative and example

Back 23

develop in the body as a part of the aging process or as a body system begins to degenerate:
as you get older you will become more immunocompromised-these infections will weaken your organs: endocarditis

Front 24

definition of nutritional and example

Back 24

arise from a lack of specific nutrient:
our immune systems function much better if we're on a good diet-diptheria: if a person lacks iron or they're low in iron concentrate, they are more susceptible to the organism that causes diptheria: russia had a problem with this

Front 25

definition of endocrine and example

Back 25

excess or deficiency in any hormone:
diabetes: juvenile diabetes is caused by viruses (mumps): virus destroys the producers of insulin

Front 26

definition of mental and example

Back 26

damage to either brain tissue or brain function:
syphillis and mad cow disease: caused by prions

Front 27

definition of immunological and example

Back 27

diseases of the immune system:
immuodeficiency: HIV/AIDS; autoimmune: LUPUS

Front 28

definition of neoplastic and example

Back 28

abnormal cell growth;
cancer, HPV

Front 29

definition of Iatrogenic and example

Back 29

caused by medical procedures;
nosocomial infections

Front 30

definition of idiopathic and example

Back 30

disease of unknown origin;
alzheimer's may be linked to infections, but they're not really sure

Front 31

define communicable disease and give examples

Back 31

those diseases which can be spread from one person to another: flu, cold, TB

Front 32

define non communicable disease and give the three specific examples

Back 32

those diseases which cannot be spread:
-infections caused by a persons normal flora: you can't give a UTI to someone else
-infections caused by environmental exposure: compound fracture causing an opening which can become infected
-poisoning caused by the ingestion of a performed toxin: botulism: food poisoning: improperly canned food

Front 33

define virulence factors and give an example

Back 33

special structures or physiological characteristics that help MOs cause disease:
-a capsule is a structure that helps an organism cause disease by preventing phagocytosis

Front 34

name the three direct actions of bacteria

Back 34

adhesions, colonization, invasiveness

Front 35

define adhesions and give examples

Back 35

proteins or glycoproteins that give the bacteria the ability to "stick" to the cells of the body
-most adhesions are cell typ0e specific
-usually found as a part of the attachment pili (fimbrea) or capsules
-most adhesions are also antiphagocytic factors

Front 36

define colonization and give an example

Back 36

growth of the MO on an epithelial surface or mucous membrane
-pathogens must survive and reproduce despite host defense mechanisms

Front 37

define invasiveness and give example

Back 37

the ability to invade and grow in host tissues: makes it a lot more pathogenic
-some bacteria can release digestive enzymes to help them invade

Front 38

give examples of some invasive virulence factors (3)

Back 38

hyaluronidase, coagulase and streptokinase

Front 39

define hyaluronidase and give an example

Back 39

an enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid which is the "glue" that holds certain types of cells together
-certain strains of streptococcus pyogenes can cause necrotizing fasciitis-can invade 1 inch per hour
--called flesh-eating bacteria: deadening of tissue or skin: rare strain so we dont have a big problem with it

Front 40

define coagulase and give an example

Back 40

an enzyme that accelerates the coagulation of blood
-staphylcoccus aureus: takes fibrin from coagulation and encapsulates itself: protects itself from the body: have a boil or cyst that will need to be lanced in order to heal

Front 41

define streptokinase and give an example

Back 41

an enzyme that breaks down a blood clot
-body defense system can cause blood clots when bacteria are present and the streptokinase allows the bacteria to break free and break down blood clot

Front 42

what 2 organisms can survive inside phagocytic cells and what is the purpose of this?

Back 42

mycobacterium tuberculosis and neisseria gonorrhea
-to gain access to the deeper parts of the body

Front 43

what are the three exotoxins?

Back 43

hemolysins, leukocidins and leukostatin

Front 44

define hemolysins and describe the 2 types

Back 44

exotoxins that lyse RBCs
-alpha: lyse RBCs and partially break down Hb resulting in a greenish ring under and around the bacterial colonies (when grown on blood agar)
-beta: lyse RBCs and completely break down the Hb

Front 45

define leukocidins

Back 45

destroy neutrophils and macrophages

Front 46

define leukostatin and explain

Back 46

interferes with the ability of phagocytes to ingest bactera
-instead of a capsule it has an exotoxin that it can produce to break down the phagocytes

Front 47

what are the 2 bacterial toxins?

Back 47

exotoxins and endotoxins

Front 48

define exotoxins

Back 48

toxins that are released from the bacterial cell into the host while the bacteria is sitll alive

Front 49

define endotoxins

Back 49

a part of the gram negative cell wall that is released when the bactiera die: lipopolysaccharide: causes patients to get worse when infections are treated with antibiotics

Front 50

define intoxication and give an example (other than alcohol)

Back 50

ingestion of a toxin
-clostridium botulinum: botulism (food poisoning)

Front 51

which toxin attacks the nervous system and give a specific example?

Back 51

neurotoxins: botulism

Front 52

which toxin attacks the intestinal track and give 2 examples

Back 52

enterotoxins: salminella and shigella

Front 53

what are toxoids?

Back 53

modified toxins that are no longer harmful, can be used as vaccines: tetanus vaccine is made from a toxoid

Front 54

what is the only way viruses can cause disease?

Back 54

after they attach and penetrate the host cell

Front 55

what are cytopathic effects?

Back 55

the observable changes that occur in a cell following virus infection

Front 56

what are the four types of viral infections?

Back 56

productive, abortive, latent and persistent

Front 57

define productive infections

Back 57

the virus can attach, penetrate and replicate:
-the infection actually happens

Front 58

define abortive infections

Back 58

the virus can attach and penetrate, but not all of the viral genes are produced, so the virus cannot replicate

Front 59

define latent infections and give an example

Back 59

after the initial infection the virus lays "dormant" in a specific cell type (usually a nerve cell) and can reactivate later in life
-after you have chicken pox, the varicella virus can hide out and then reappear years later as shingles (an isolated outbreak of a rash)

Front 60

define persistent and give an example

Back 60

following infection the virally infected tissue continues to make infectious particles for a long period of time
-Hepatits B

Front 61

define signs

Back 61

a characteristic of a specific disease that can be OBSERVED BY EXAMINING THE PATIENT: rash, runny nose, fever etc

Front 62

define symptoms

Back 62

characteristics of the disease that can ONLY BE FELT BY THE PATIENT (pain, nausea, sore throat)

Front 63

define syndrome

Back 63

a combination of signs and symptoms that occur together and are indicative of a particular disorder

Front 64

most infections cause a syndrome known as the ______ ______.

Back 64

inflammatory response

Front 65

define sequlae and give 2 examples

Back 65

the after effects of a disease
-polio: paralysis
-strep throat: rheumatic fever can occur after the fact

Front 66

what is "malaise"?

Back 66

a symptom that can occur during an infection, a "crappy" feeling

Front 67

define acute disease and give example

Back 67

disease in which symptoms develop rapidly and that runs its course quickly
-cold, flu, measels, chicken pox

Front 68

define chronic disease and give example

Back 68

disease in which symptoms develop slowly and disease is slow to disappear
-TB

Front 69

define subacute disease and give example

Back 69

disease with symptoms intermediate between acute and chronic
-gingivitis/gum disease: if you have a pop corn kernal stuck in your teeth you could get short term pain and swelling, but if you're diabetic you will experience ongoing symptoms

Front 70

define latent disease and give example

Back 70

disease in which symptoms appear and or reappear long after infection
-chicken pox/shingles

Front 71

define local infection and give example

Back 71

infection confined to a small region of the body
-boil or bladder infection

Front 72

define focal infection and give example

Back 72

infection confined region from which pathogens travel to other regions of the body
-abscessed tooth or infected sinus

Front 73

define systemic infection and give example

Back 73

plague

Front 74

define septicemia and give example

Back 74

presence and multiplication of pathogens in blood
-blood infection

Front 75

define bacteremia and give example. what other infection is it similar to

Back 75

presence by not multiplication of bacteria in blood
-blood infection
-viremia

Front 76

define toxemia and give example

Back 76

presence of toxins in blood
-botulism

Front 77

define sapremia and give example

Back 77

presence of metabolic products of saprophytes in blood
-auto-brewery syndrome: if you have a yeast infection, certain strains can cause a person to be drunk without drinking anything

Front 78

define primary infection and give example

Back 78

infection in a previously healthy person
-strep throat, TB, basically anything

Front 79

define secondary infection and give example

Back 79

infection that immediately follows a primary infection
-pneumonia turns it to septocemia

Front 80

define mixed infection and is it difficult or easy to treat?

Back 80

infection caused by two or more pathogens
-difficult to treat

Front 81

define inapparent and give an example

Back 81

infection that fails to produce full set of signs and symptoms
-hepatits B

Front 82

what disease has the longest incubation phase?

Back 82

leprosy

Front 83

what are the pahses of infection disease (in order)?

Back 83

incubation phase, prodromal phase, illness phase, decline phase and convalescense period

Front 84

define incubation phase

Back 84

the stage during which the person does not know they are infected, however, they are usually contagious

Front 85

define prodromal phase

Back 85

you know you don't feel well, but you are not quite sure what you feel, still infectious

Front 86

define illness phase

Back 86

the period during which you have the specific signs and symptoms of the infectious disease that you are growing
-a battle between the immune system and the MO is at its height

Front 87

define decline phase

Back 87

the immune system, without treatment regimen begin to win the battle

Front 88

define convalescence period

Back 88

the recovery period, the body must regain the strength that it used while fighting the disease

Front 89

what has lowered the level of deaths due to infectious diseases since the 1900s?

Back 89

clean water, sanitation, vaccines, antibiotics, antiseptics, increase in medical technology: we can identify bacteria and see what the susceptibility patterns are

Front 90

Epidemiology...

Back 90

the study of the factors and mechanisms involved in the spread of disease

Front 91

incidence vs prevalence

Back 91

number of new cases -- total number of people infected

Front 92

morbidity vs morality

Back 92

sickness -- death

Front 93

Endemic: definition and example

Back 93

constant level of infection
-cold

Front 94

epidemic: definition: example

Back 94

sudden increase in the number of cases
-flu

Front 95

Pandemic: definition: example

Back 95

world-wide epidemic
-HIV/AIDS
-Dr.s were afraid BIRD flu would turn in to a pandemic

Front 96

what is the fear behind BIRD flu?

Back 96

bird virus links up with human virus to make a new virus that is spread by respiratory: makes your lungs the consistency of chocolate pudding

Front 97

sporadic: definition and example

Back 97

random and unpredictable
-plague

Front 98

what caused the spike in cases of "St. Louis encephalitis" (hint the disease is transferred from birds to mosquitos to humans)

Back 98

there was a rise in cases due to a non immune bird population and a large mosquito population

Front 99

what are the three main reservoirs of infection?

Back 99

human, animal, nonliving reservoirs

Front 100

define "human" in terms of reservoirs of infection and give 2 examples

Back 100

carriers, people who are infected but do not have observable signs or symptoms of disease
-the strep that causes strep throat is often carried in people that keep it in check, but if it is exposed to someone else they could get it
-meningitis: carried in the throat: really bad if the carrier goes in to the hospital: nurses can spread MERSA without knowing it

Front 101

define "animal" in terms of reservoirs of infection and give an example

Back 101

about 150 infectious agents can infect both man and animals: ZOONOSES
-rabies

Front 102

give examples of "nonliving reservoirs"

Back 102

FOMITES: inanimate objects: computer keyboards, toilets, cell phones, hand shakes, bed spreads, fecal material,

Front 103

what are the three major modes of transmission?

Back 103

contact, vehicle transimssion, vector transmission

Front 104

give examples of the CONTACT mode of transmission

Back 104

-direct contact (person to person)
-indirect contact (fomites)
-Droplets (cough, sneeze, etc)

Front 105

give examples of the VEHICLE TRANSMISSION mode of transmission

Back 105

-waterborne - drinking water
-airborne - on dust particles: may overlap
-food borne - fast food restaurants

Front 106

give examples of vector transmission

Back 106

-mechanical - the feet and mouth parts of house flies
-biological - usually by biting of fleas and ticks

Front 107

what are the 2 main special problems of epidemiology?

Back 107

carriers and STDs

Front 108

define disease cycles and give an example

Back 108

many diseases lie dormant for years and then reemerge to kill many people
-Bubonic plague

Front 109

define HERD IMMUNITY

Back 109

the proportion of individuals in a group of people that is immune to a disease
-diseases have a hard time propagating if most of the population is immune
-this is why a small number of people can avoid vaccination in the USA

Front 110

define Isolation

Back 110

the patient is separated from the general population (usually in the hospital but can occur in nursing homes as well)

Front 111

define quarantine

Back 111

the separation of "healthy" people from the population following exposure to an infectious agent
-prevents the spread of disease during its incubation period

Front 112

define immunization

Back 112

creating "herd immunity" in a population by vaccinating against a specific agent

Front 113

define vector control and give an example

Back 113

killing the organisms that carry the disease
-ex: mosquito control

Front 114

what are notifiable diseases?

Back 114

diseases which must be reported to the CDC (center for disease control) by the person diagnosing the condition

Front 115

how many people acquire hospital infections (nosocomial infections) each year? and how many are fatal?

Back 115

2 million; 20,000

Front 116

where are the 3 most common sites for nosocomial infection?

Back 116

-urinary tract: caused by catheters: could also be kidney damage
-respiratory tract: pneumonia
-surgical wounds

Front 117

what are the three most typical MOs to cause nosocomial infections?

Back 117

-e.coli
-staphylococcus aureus: MRSA and VRSA
-streptococcus: VRE

Front 118

guidelines to keep people safe from blood borne or body fluid infections (6)

Back 118

-wear gloves and gowns
-wear masks AND protective eyewear or chin length plastic faceshields
-wash hands before and after patient contact
-use disposable mouthpiece/airway for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
-discard contaminated needles and other sharp items IMMEDIATELY
-clean spills of blood or contaminated fluids

Front 119

For all cases of isolation no matter what type...2 things should occur....

Back 119

-wash hands before and after
-checking in to the nursing stations

Front 120

Guidleines created in ____ because of concern that the ____ virus would be transmitted in the health care settings. Who said that we were to treat all samples as if they were infected?

Back 120

1988; AIDS; CDC

Front 121

what is a specific health hazard for phleobotomists (vein specialists)?

Back 121

needle sticks from recapping a needle

Front 122

You must disinfect with what?

Back 122

1 to 10 solution of house hold bleach
-1% bleach, 10% water