Microbiology Chapter 1 Objectives:microbial World And You

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Microbes and Human Welfare

List several ways in which microbes affect our lives.

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1. Vital activities of microorganisms.

2. Vital survival of all other organisms including humans.

3. Microbes required to make Vitamin K, required to clot blood.

4. Microbes required to prevent colonization of you with pathogenic microbes

5. Microorganisms replenish the oxygen on earth.

6. Primarily water organisms

7. On land, plants make more 02

8. Microorganism can breakdown a wide variety of materials that no other forms of life can degrade.

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•Each organism has a GENUS and a SPECIES name written in italics

•Strain designation may be letter and/or number

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Nomenclature Binomial system

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In Capital Letter and named after DISCOVERER

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Genus

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In lower case letter and named after common LOCATION

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species

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May be a LETTER and/or a NUMBER

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strain

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Microbes

single-celled prokaryotes WITH peptidoglycan cell walls

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Bacteria

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Microbes

single-celled prokaryotes appear IDENTICAL to Bacteria. NO peptidoglycan cell walls.

prefer extreme environments such as hot springs and salt flats

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Archaea

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generally VISIBLE

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Macrobes

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have EUKARYOTIC cell structures and may be SINGLE CELLS OR MULTICELLULAR.

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Eukarya

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Microbial members of the Eukarya

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the algae, fungi, protozoa and helminths.

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can be single-celled or multicellular

Use SUNLIGHT as a source of energy (chlorophyll)

Fresh or salt water

Some are MOTILE

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Algae

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Examples of Algae:

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a) Spirogyra
b) Diatoms

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EITHER single-celled yeasts or multicellular molds and MUSHROOMS

They use organic compounds as food

Land

Important decomposers

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Fungi

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Example of single-celled fungi

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yeast

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Example of a multi-cellular fungi

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Penicillium

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Tiny Eukaryotes:

Single-celled organisms that are motile by a variety of means.

They are organic compounds of food.

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Protozoa

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Multicellular Parasites that derive food from the HOST organism on which they live -

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Helminths

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Examples of parasites

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Round worm

Tape worms

Flat worms or flukes

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Study of protozoa and parasitic worms

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Parasitology

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Non-living members of the microbial world are not composed of cells.

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Obligate intracellular parasites

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A piece of nucleic acid SURROUNDED by a PROTEIN COAT

Will have either DNA or RNA

Can INFECT members of all three domains

NOT ALIVE

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Viruses

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are composed of a single RNA molecule.

they are only known to cause diseases in plants.

No protein coat

NOT ALIVE

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Viroids

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Consist ONLY of PROTEIN W/O any NUCLEIC ACID

No RNA or DNA

Cause neurodegenerative diseases; BSE; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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Prions

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Three Domains of the Living world:

Hint: BAE

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Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

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Based on the CHEMICAL composition and CELL structure

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Domain

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Brief History of Microbiology

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Microbes first life on earth (3.5 - 3.8 BYA)

Evolve quickly

very diverse group

vary in appearance, biochemical transformations, and environments

Less than 1 in 100 can be grown in a lab.

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Importance observations made by Van Leeuwenhoek

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1st to see living microbes

discoverer of bacteria & protozoa

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established a SEQUENCE of experimental steps for directly linking a SPECIFIC MICROBE to a SPECIFIC DISEASE

hypothesized that a bacterial colony arises from a single cell bacteria

Simple staining technique

Gram positive and Gram negative

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Robert Koch

Koch postulates 1876

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The experiments of this person refuted the theory of SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

His field of study was in Biotechnology and Food microbiology

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Pasteur

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He concluded:

that microorganisms exist in the air and contaminate experiments.

Spontaneous generation does not occur; all living things arise from other living things.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani

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living cells can arise only from preexisting cells

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Biogenesis

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Life can arise from something NON-LIVING matter

However, this is not true.

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spontaneous generation

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The PRINCIPLE that microorganisms cause DISEASE.

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Germ Theory of Disease

Louis Pasteur

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Childbed Fever 1840s

First hypothesized that medical personnel can infect patients with pathogens.

Handwashing

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Ignaz Semmelweis

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surgical wound infections 1860s

Listerine

Phenol - kills off bacteria - used to clean surgical instruments

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Joseph Lister

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The process of conferring immunity by administering a vaccine; also called immunization.

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Vaccination

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Smallpox and cowpox 1796

Vaccination/Immunology

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Edward Jenner

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Antibiotic 1928

Discovered penicillin but not refined enough to ingest it

Pharmaceutical microbiology - manufacture of vaccines and antibodies

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Alexander Fleming

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The science and study of BACTERIA and their relation to medicine and to other areas such as agriculture

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Bacteriology

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the branch of botany that studies FUNGI and fungus-caused diseases

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Mycology

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the study of PARASITES, their hosts, and the relationship between them

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parasitology

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The study of all aspects of the IMMUNE system including its structure and function, disorders of the immune system

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immunology

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The study of VIRUSES and VIRAL diseases

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virology

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Bacteria are necessary to convert the NITROGEN gas in the air into a form that plants and other organisms can use.

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Recycling Vital Elements

Nitrogen Cycle

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Microbes to clean up

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Bioremediation

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What degrades ORGANIC waste materials ?

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Microorganisms

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_________ are being used to degrade dangerous TOXIC pollutants.

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Bacteria

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What eats NATURAL or man made (xenobiotics) organics?

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Natural or engineered microbes

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Bacteria are used to synthesize a variety of different products such as?

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cellulose, hydroxybutyric acid, ethanol, antibiotics and amino acids.

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use biology to SOLVE practical problems and produce useful products economically

study of fermentation by Pasteur and Buchner led to the fields of INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

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Biotechnology

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the PROCESS in which GENES from one organism are introduced into related or unrelated organisms resulting in new properties.

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genetic engineering

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These ORGANISMS have more capabilities produce medically important products.

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Recombinant organisms

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A __________ can transfer genes into plants and modify its properties.

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bacterium

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What many devastating diseases have made history?

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small pox, bubonic plague, and influenza

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New or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence

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New emerging diseases

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New emerging diseases are due to what?

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Due to different life styles and moving into regions where formerly only other animals lived

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Examples of emerging diseases

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Hanta virus and West Nile encephalitis (WNE)

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How does new emerging diseases come about?

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•"Old" diseases that were on the wane have begun to reemerge

•Many are brought to this country by people visiting foreign lands

•Lax about vaccinations

•People with impaired immune systems

•Medications sometimes lower disease resistance

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Several chronic diseases such as ulcers and perhaps even heart disease may be caused by ____________.

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bacteria.

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_________ use the body as an ecological niche and interact with other bacteria on its surface.

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bacteria

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__________ gain entrance to the body and find a protected niche inside or on host cells.

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Pathogens

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The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease.

Bacteria found in the human mouth

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Normal Microbiota or Normal Flora

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Members of the microbial world consist of two major cell types:

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simple prokaryotic and the complex eukaryotic.

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_________ can produce vaccines against a variety of diseases.

For example, rabies, gonorrhea, herpes, leprosy, malaria, and hepatitis

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Microorganisms

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a MEANS OF DELIVERING genes into humans to correct genetic defects such as cystic fibrosis, heart disease, and cancer

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Gene therapy

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The value of "BENEFICIAL flora" in maintaining a healthy digestive and elimination systems cannot be overemphasized. 

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Probiotics

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Favored the thoery of Spontaneous generation

observed that vials were cloudy and examination revealed abundance of microscopial animals of most dimensions.

He explained there must be a life force that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life.

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Needham

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Modern disclipline of Chemoptherapy

Undertook an exhaustive survey of chemicals to find a magic bullet that would destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans.

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Ehrlich