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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is a microorganism
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-a large diverse group of free living organisms
-single celled or cell clusters -able to grow, generate energy, and reproduce without the aid of other cells |
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what is microbiology
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-the study of microorganisms
-to understand how microogranisms work and devise ways that benefits may be increased and damages curtailed |
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how have micros affected human existence?
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-"Black Death"
-Irish potato famine -Infectious diseases -HIV/AIDS -1918 influenza epidemic -antibiotic drugs -bread,wine,cheese,beer -fertilization |
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what is "Black Death"
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-bubonic plague
-killed 1/4 of the whole population of Europe |
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What happened to the potatoes in the Irish potato famine in the 1840s
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the Irish potato was attacked by a fungus
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More soldiers died from _____________ ___________ in WWI than from guns.
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infectious diseases
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HIV causes
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AIDS
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How many people died in the 1918 influenza epidemic
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202 million
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what was the first antibiotic
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penicillin
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what are the possible reasons for the differences in deaths during 1900 and 1984?
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-disinfection of hands by doctors
-water treatment |
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what are legumes
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a group of plants that live in close association with special bacteria, which form tiny nodules on their roots
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what happens when a plant has root nodules
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atmospheric nitrogen is converted into fixed nitrogen compounds that the plants can use for growth
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what is rumen
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a special digestive organ (near the stomach) in which microorganisms carry out the digestive process (dairy cows, beef catte, sheep)
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food preservation is rougly ___________ industry
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$30 billion
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foods made with the aid of microogoranisms is rougly a ____________ industry
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$100 billion
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what is methane
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-natural gas
-product of bacterial action |
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how do microorganisms have the potential to provide us with an answer to our energy crisis
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-biomass
-biofuels -chemical feedstocks |
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in 1664, robert hook discovered the _______ and viewed ______
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microscope, molds
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who was the first to see microbes in great detail?
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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what did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek do in 1674
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viewed bacteria on his teeth
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what did Leeuwenhoek call the bacteria on his teeth
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"wee animalcules"
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what did louis pasteur prove
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that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generatioin
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what did louis pasteur create
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the swan-necked flask
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what did the swan-necked flask do
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disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
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what did louis pasteur inspire
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the creation of sterilization methods to kill all bacteria and germs in canning and preservation of foods
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what did people in the early 1600s view disease as
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things passed from one diseased person to a healthy person
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what was disease that was spread called
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contagious
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what was the unknown thing that spread the disease called
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contagion
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what did Leeuwenhoek's work suggest
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that microbes were responsible
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what did Berkeley prove in 1846
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that a microorganism was the cause of the Irish potato famine
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what did Robert Koch develop in 1876
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the germ theory of disease while working with Bacillus anthracis, he proved this bacerium caused anthrax
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what did koch's work provide
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experimental basis for the isolation and culture of a number of other infectious agents
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what is a pure culture
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a group of cells that have arisen via successive cell divisions from a single parent cell
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what is semisolid medium
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Koch developed a gelatin and nutrient mixture for growing microbes on
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what was agar developed from
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seaweed
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what was the gelatin and nutrient mixture that Koch developed
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agar
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what else is tuberculosis called
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consumption or phthisis
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what did Koch and Mycobacterium tuberculosis succeed in
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isolating it and testing it to be a contagion
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Kosh developed staining procedures for
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microscopic examination
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what was the microscopic examination of
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the tissues for the presece of bacteria
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what were the challenges of working with M. tuberculosis
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-10days to 2weeks of incubation to grow
-difficult to stain for microscope, stain needed to be made with more alkaline wth KOH and then flash heated adhere to the microbe |
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what is Koch's 1st postulate
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The organism must always be found in animals suffering from the disease and must not be present in healthy individuals
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What is Koch's 2nd postulate
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the organism must be cultivatd in pure culture away from the animal body
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what is Koch'3 3rd postulate
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such a culture, when inoculated into suspectable animals, must initiate the characterisitc disease symptoms
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what is Koch's 4th postulate
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The organism must be reisolated from these experimental animals and cultured again in the laboratory, after which it must still be the same as the original organism
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