Microbiology Chapt. 10-11

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Archaea

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Domain prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; one of the three domains

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Serology

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Branch of immunology that studies blood serum and antigen-antibody reactions in vitro

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Transport vesicle

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Membrane-bound sacs that moe proteins from the rough ER to Golgi complex

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DNA base composition

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Moles-percentage of guanine plus cytosine in an organism's DNA

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Protist

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Term used for unicellular and simple multicellular eukaryots; usually protozoa and algae

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Gram-negative bacteria

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Bacteria lose crystal violet after decolorzing by alcohol; stain red after treatment with safranin

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Slide agglutination test

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Method of identifying an antigen by combining it with a specific antibody on a slide

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Prokaryotic species

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Population of cells that share certain rRNA sequences; conventional biochemical testing, it is population of cells with similar characteristics

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Binomial nomenclature

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System of having two names genus and specific epithet for each organism; also called scientific nomenclature

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T CELL

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Lymphocyte which develops from stem cell processed in thymus gland, responsible for cell mediated immunity

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Nucleic acid hybridization

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Process of combining single complementary strands of DNA

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Cladogram

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Dichotomous phylogenetic tree branches repeatedly, suggests classification of organism based on time sequene which evolution branches arose

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Molecular clock

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An evolution timeline based on nucleotide sequences in organisms

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Extremophile

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Microorganism lives in extremes of temperature, acidity, alkalinity, salinity, or pressure

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Phylum

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Taxonomic classification between kingdom and class

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Phylogeny

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Evolutionary history of group organisms; phylogenetic relationships are evolutionary relationships

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Green sulfur bacteria

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Gram negative, nonproteobacteria; strictly anaerobic and phototrophic; no growth in dark; use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donors for CO2 fixation

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Reticulate body

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Intracellular growing stage of chlamydiae

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Systemic anaphylaxis

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Hypersensitivity reaction causing vasodilation and resulting in shock; also called anaphylactic shock

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Western blotting

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Technique uses antibodies to detect the presence of specific proteins separated by electrophoresis

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Whey

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Fluid portion of milk that separates from curd

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Plantae

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Kingdom composed of muticellular eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls

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Rapid identification method

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Bacterial identification tools that perform several biochemical tests simultaneously

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FISH

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Fluorescent in sitsu hybridization; use of rRNA probes to identify microbes without cutturing

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Eukarya

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All eukaryotes animals, plants, fungi, and protists; members the domain Eukarya

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Taxa

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Subdivsions used to classify organisms, domain, kingdom, phylum

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Serovar

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Variation within species called serotype

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Elementary body

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Infectious form of chlamydiae

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Flow cytometry

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Method of counting cells using flow cytometer, which detects cells by the presence of fluorescent tag on cell surface

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Strain

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Genetically different cells within a clone

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Axial filament

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Structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum

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Order

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Taxonomic classification between class and family

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Antiserum

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Blood derived fluid containing antibodies

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Purple sulfur bacteria

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Gammaproteobacteria; strictly anaerobic and phototrophic; use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donors for CO2 fixation

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Proteobacteria

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Gram negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria possess a signature rRNA sequence

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Species

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Most specific level in taxonomic hierarch

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Nanobacteria

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Hypothesized bacteria below the generally accepted lower limit diameter about 200nm for bacteria

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Taxis

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Movement in response to an environment stimulus

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FAME

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Fatty acid methyl ester; indentification of microbes by the presence of specific fatty acids

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Ribotyping

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Classification or identificationof bacteria based on rRNA genes

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Enterotoxin

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Exotoxin causing gastroenteritis such as those produced by Staphylococcus, Vibrio, and Escherichia.

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Biovar

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Subgroup of a serovar based on biochemical or physiological properties also called biotype

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Staphycocci

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Cocci in a grapelike cluster

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Clade

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Group of organism share particular common ancestor; a branch on a cladogram

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Gastroenteritis

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Inflammation of stomach and intestine

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Granuloma

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Lump inflamed tissue containing macrophages

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Vibrio

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Curved or comma shaped bacterium ehen written as genus Vibrio, gram negative, motile, facultatively anaerobic curved rod

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Phage typing

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Method of identifying bacteria using specific strains of bacteriophages

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Family

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Taxonomic group between order and genus

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Animalia

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Kingdom composed of multicellular eukaryotes lacking cell walls

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Domain

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Taxonomic classification based on rRNA sequence; above the kingdom level

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Viremia

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Presence of viruses in the blood

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Nucleic acid

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Macromolecule consisting of nucleotides; DNA and RNA are nucleic acids

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Prostheca

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Stalk or bud protruding from a prokaryotic cell

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Dichotomous key

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Identification scheme based on successive paired questions; until an organism is identified

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Southern blotting

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Technique using DNA probes to detect presence of specific DNA in restriction fragments separated by electrophoresis

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agglutination

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Joining together or clumping of cells

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Streptococci

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Cocci that remains attached as chains after cell division when written as a genus refers to gram positive catalase negative bacteria

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Fungus

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Organism that belongs to the Kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph

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Heterocyst

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Large cell in certain cyanobacteria; site of nitrogen fixation

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Serological testing

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Techniques for identifying a microorganism based on its reaction with antibodies

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Numerical identification

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Bacterial identification schemes in which test values are assigned a number

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Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)

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Test to identify an organism without culturing by making copies amplifying nucleic acid sequences that are specific for the organism being detected

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Purple nonsulfur bacteria

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Alphaproteobacteria; strictly anaerobic and phototrophic; grow on yeast extract in dark; use reduced organic compounds as electron donors for CO2 fixation

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Eukaryotic species

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Group of closely related organisms can be interbreed

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Biovar

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Subgroup of serovar based on biochemical or physiological properties; also called biotype

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Microarray

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DNA probes attached to a glass surface, used to udentify nucleotide sequence in a sample of DNA

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Enteric

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Common name for a bacterium in family Enterobactericeae

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ELISA

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Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay a group of serolgical tests that use enzyme reactions as indicators

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Bergey's Manual

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Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology the standard taxonomic referenc on bacteria