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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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glycolysis:substrate level phosphorylation
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-2 ATP to +2 ATP
end pdts: lactate,ethanol,enteric bacteria :swiss,yogurt,wine,nail polish, vinegar |
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respiration
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most organisms will use pyruvate to produce lots of fuel(NADH,NADPH,FADH) for ATP synthesis. First involves oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and feeding of the remaining 2 carbons into the citric acid cycle (krebs).
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respiration:the citric-acid cycles
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8NADH (2 from glycolysis)
6CO2 (glucose is burnt) 4ATP (2 from glycolysis) 2NADPH 2FADH (cycle of 8 carbons) |
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electron transport
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initial donors are NADH and NADPH generated from redox rxns in glycolysis of krebs.
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most important electron carriers
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1.NADH dehydrogenases
2.flavoproteins (FMN,FAD) 3.Fe-S proteins 4.cytochromes, with heme 5.non-protein, lipid-soluable |
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Fe-S centers of non-heme Fe-S proteins (2 or 4 of each)
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cysteines are part of apoproteins and are linked to Fe by covalent bonds thru the S in their side chains
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flavine mononucleotide
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3 hexagons with diagonal = N's
intermediate 2H pdt:reduced, chain |
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ubiquinones
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1 hexagon, 2 C=O bonds
intermediate 2H pdts: 1 hexagon w/ 2 C-OH's a lipid-soluable non-protein e- carrier |
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cytochromes
(snowflake pattern) |
combo of 9 pent/hexagons
Fe in the middle The side chains on the pyrroles of the porphyrin ring and the apoprotein modulate the reduction potential of the Fe in the ring. |
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cytochromes reduction potentials of Fe in the hemes of cytochromes
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Fe3+ + e- --> Fe2+
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membrane-associated electron transport
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creation of proton-motive force
inhibited by cyanide, carbon monoxide and antimycin A |
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ATP synthase
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uses proton motive force to synthesize ATP. 2 or 3 protons are required for synthesize of 1 ATP. C12 rotates and generates torque
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oxidative phosphorylation
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NADH from glycolysis, krebs, pentose phosphate pathway, and entner-duodoroff pathway.
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ATP yield assuming complete oxidation of glucose
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overall rxn:
pyruvate + 4NAD + FAD----> 3CO2 + 4NADH + FAD 1.substrate level phosphorylation: GDP + Pi=GTP GTP + ADP =GDP + ATP 2.electron transport phohsphorylation: 4NADH-=12ATP FADH-=2ATP 3. CAC plus glycolysis=38 ATP per glucose |
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catabolic alternatives
(chemoorganotrophic metab) |
anaerobic and aerobic
organic is primary e- donor, e- acceptors can be organic or inorganic |
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catabolic alternatives
(chemolithotrophic metab) H2S,H2,Fe,NH4 |
inorganic compound is primary donor and e- acceptors can be organic or inorganic.
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bioenergetics of 2-hydrogenase aerobic H2 bacteria
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non-photosynthetic CO2 fixation. make NADH for the calvin cycle, formation of proton motive force.reducing power comes from reverse electron flow.
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oxidation of reduced S by aerobic chemolithotrophs
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sulfite oxidase pathway accounts for majority of sulfite oxidized. e- from S energized by light.compounds drive prton motive force. NADH must be made by energy-consuming rxns of reverse e- flow.
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energy from ferrous Fe oxidation
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energized by light. acidothiobacillus ferroxidans
the periplasmic Cu is immediate acceptor, reduces power to drive calvin cycle, steep pH gradient |
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respiration of the heterotroph e.coli under aerobic conditions
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OXYGEN on the right with 3H
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respiration of the heterotroph e.coli under anaerobic conditions
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nitrate is final e- acceptor and only 4H are pumped out to generate the proton motive force
NADH is primary e- donor*** |
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catabolic alternatives
(phototrophy) |
energy from light is used to produce proton motive force
1.photohetero: organic to biosynthesis by C flow 2.photoauto: CO2 to biosynthesis by C flow 3.light to e- flow to proton motive force to ATP |
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most important e- transport carriers
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NADH dehydrogenase
flavoproteins w/ FMN or FAD Fe-S proteins non-protein carriers |
