Microbiology Ch17 Adaptive Immunity

Front 1

the adaptive immunity consist of 3 areas:

Back 1

1- humoral immunity: antibodies
2-cellular immunity: t and b cells
3- antigens

Remember TAAB

Front 2

_____ are proteins or large polysaccharides

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Antigens

Front 3

________ antigens are pollen, egg whites, transplant tissues.

Back 3

nonmicrobial

Front 4

Antibodies recognize _____ or ______

Back 4

epitopes or antigenic determinants

Front 5

If an antigen is small, it is called a ______ , and is typically attached to a carrier molecule

Back 5

hapten

Front 6

Antibodies are globulin proteins, so they can be termed ______

Back 6

Immunoglobin (Ig)

Front 7

on an antibody, the _____ is related to how many binding sites there are

Back 7

valence

Front 8

Antibodies are relatively ______, can recognize and bind to the ______

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soluble, antigen

Front 9

Simplest form of an antibody is a ______, with 4 protein chains, 2 of which are light, the other 2 are heavy

Back 9

monomer

Front 10

Simplest form- monomer, with 4 protein chains, 2 of which are ____, the other 2 are ____

Back 10

light, heavy

Front 11

the antibody links are joined with ____ links and other bonds to make a Y- shape

Back 11

disulfide

Front 12

on the antibody the _____ (V) regions are located on the arms of the Y

Back 12

Variable

Front 13

on the antibody the lower parts of the V region is called the ______region, lower than that is the ___ region

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constant (C) , Fc

Front 14

B cells can have immunoglobins on its surface, mainly _____ and ____

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IgD and IgM

Front 15

____the immunoglobin with the _____ activates the B cells

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Binding , epitopes

Front 16

after binding to the epitopes, The B cells then ____themselves, sometimes with the aid of_______ , in which we term T- ______ antigens

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clone , T helper cells (TH), dependent

Front 17

T cells need to be activated by antigenic fragment of the:

Back 17

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Front 18

Activated B cells will then become _____ or ______

Back 18

plasma cells or memory cells (clonal selection and possible deletion)

Front 19

T- _____ antigens have a weaker response, can be found in capsules, and typically IgM responds to it

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independent

Front 20

T- independent antigens have a weaker response, can be found in capsules, and typically _____ responds to it

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IgM

Front 21

the five protective mechanism of binding antibodies to antigens are:

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1-agglutination
2-opsonization
3- neutralization
4- activation of complement
5- antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity

Front 22

What is the five letter word for one of the "protective mechanism of binding antibodies to antigens" where the antibodies attached to the target cells causing destruction by macrophates, eosinophils and NK cells.?

Back 22

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Remember: A Dog ate the Cat that ate the Mouse that ate the Cheese.

Front 23

In Protective Mechanism of Binding Antibodies to Antigens: ______ reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with by clumping together.

Back 23

agglutination

Front 24

In Protective Mechanism of Binding Antibodies to Antigens: ______ causes inflammation then cell lysis.

Back 24

activation of complement

Front 25

In Protective Mechanism of Binding Antibodies to Antigens: ______ is the process of coating the antigen with antibody which enhances phagocytosis.

Back 25

opsonization

Front 26

In Protective Mechanism of Binding Antibodies to Antigens: ______ blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa and/or blocks attachment to toxins.

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neutralization

Front 27

T cells probably evolved to combat ____ pathogens… possibly cancer

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intracellular

Front 28

T cells have:

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T cell receptors (TCRs)

Front 29

TCRs stands for:

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T cell receptors

Front 30

_____selection weeds- out immature cells

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Thymic

Front 31

Pathogens can get into the gastrointestinal tract via ______, which are located over the Peyer’s patch

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microfold cells, or M cells

Front 32

Pathogens can get into the gastrointestinal tract via microfold cells, or M cells, which are located over the ______

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Peyer’s patch

Front 33

T cells require antigens be processed by _____ _____ ____

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antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Front 34

APCs stands for:

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antigen-presenting cells

Front 35

3 classes of T cells are:

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T helper cells (TH)
T cytotoxic cells (TC)
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)

Front 36

CTL stands for

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Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

Front 37

T cells can be classified by certain glycoproteins on their surface called:

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Clusters of differentiation (CD)

Front 38

CD stands for

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Clusters of differentiation

Front 39

T helper cells are known as: CD __+ cells

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4

Front 40

_____ cells activate cells that are involved in cellular immunity

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TH1

Front 41

____ cells are involved in allergic or parasitic infections

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TH2

Front 42

T helper cells activate with ____on the ____, which triggers the secretion of cytokines that activate other T and B cells

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MHC , APC

Front 43

Activate with MHC on the APC, which triggers the secretion of ______that activate other T and B cells

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cytokines

Front 44

Activation of the MHC on the APC, triggers the secretion of cytokines that activate other _____ and ____ cells

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T and B

Front 45

_______ suppress T cells against self

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T Regulatory cells

Front 46

T Cytotoxic Cells are CD__+ cells

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8

Front 47

T Cytotoxic Cells are precursors of:

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Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL)

Front 48

CTLs can induce ____, which is cell death

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apoptosis

Front 49

____cells induce immune responses by T cells, engulf invading microbes and take them to the thymus to T cells to “see” them

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Dendritic

Front 50

Dendritic cells induce immune responses by T cells, engulf invading microbes and take them to the _____to T cells to “see” them

Back 50

thymus

Front 51

_______ usually resting until being activated; important part of the innate system and gets rid of worn out blood cells and debris

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Macrophages

Front 52

____ migrate to the lymph, presenting the antigen to the T cells, for which they are specific

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APCs

Front 53

APCs migrate to the _____, presenting the antigen to the T cells, for which they are specific

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lymph

Front 54

______ cell activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity macrophages, TC cells and natural killer cells

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T Helper (TH1)

Front 55

____ cell stimulates production of eosinophils, IgM and IgE

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T Helper (TH2)

Front 56

_____ destroys target cells on contact; generated from T cytotoxic (TC) cell

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Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL)

Front 57

______ regulates immune response and helps maintain tolerence

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T Regulatory (Treg) cell

Front 58

_____ enhanced phagocytic activity; attacks cancer cells

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Activated Macrophage

Front 59

______ attacks and destroys target cells; participates in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

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Natural Killer (NK) cell

Front 60

____ or _____ communicate between white blood cells

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Cytokines or interleukins

Front 61

_____ are soluble protein or glycoproteins

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cytokines

Front 62

An international committee assign an interleukin a number, based on its ____

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amino acids

Front 63

______ respond to chemical taxis

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Chemokines

Front 64

______ protects against viral infections

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Interferons

Front 65

________ factor in inflammatory reactions of autoimmune disease

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Tumor necrosis factor

Front 66

_______ cytokines- stem cell development, use colony stimulating factors

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Hematopoietic

Front 67

_____ storm- harmful overproduction results in tissue damage

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Cytokine

Front 68

_____ is the relative amount of antibody in a serum

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Titer

Front 69

After the intitial contact with an antigen, the exposed peron's serum contains no detectable antibodies (4-7 days). Then there is a slow rise in antibody titer; first, ____ class antibodies are produced, followed by _____ peaking in (10-17 days), after which antibody titer gradually declines. Called _____ to an antigen.

Back 69

IgM, IgG, primary response

Front 70

the antibody-mediated immune response of the host intensifies after a second exposure to an antigen called:

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secondary response

Front 71

Secondary response is also known as:

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Memory (or anamnestic) response.

Front 72

Two types of Adaptive Immunity is:

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Naturally acquired and artificially acquired

Front 73

______ naturally acquired immunity is when the antigens enter the body naturally and the body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

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active

Front 74

_____ naturally acquired immunity is when the antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother's milk

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passive

Front 75

______ artificially acquired immunity is when the antigens are introduced in the vaccines and the body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

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active

Front 76

______ artificially acquired immunity is when the preformed antibodies in the immune serum are introduced by injection

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passive

Front 77

CD4+ is to MHC ___ : CD8+ is to MHC _____

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MHC II, MHC I

Front 78

Antibodies ____, ____ and ____ are monomers.

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IgG, IgD and IgE

Remember: highschool GED