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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fungi
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Eukaryotic
Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophic most are decomposers |
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molds
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the fungal thallus consists of hyphae
-a mass of hyphae is a mycelium |
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yeast
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unicellular fungi
-fissions yeasts divide symmetrically -budding yeasts divide asymmetrically |
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dimorphism
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pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37 degrees C and moldlike at 25 degrees C
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asexual spores
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-sporangiosphore
-condiosphore (arthrospore, blastoconidiumn) -chlamydospore |
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sexual spores
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zygospore
ascospore basidiospore |
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zygospore
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fusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore
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ascospore
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formed in a sac (ascus)
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basidiospore
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formed externally on a pedestal (basidium)
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telemorphic fungi
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produce sexual and asexual spores
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zygomycota
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-Conjugation fungi.
-Coenocytic. -Produce sprangiospores and zygospores. Rhizopus, Mucor (Opportunistic, systemic mycoses) |
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ascomycota
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-Sac fungi
-Septate -Produce ascospores and frequently conidiospores -Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycoses) -Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic mycoses) -Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous mycoses) |
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Basidiomycota
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-Club fungi
-Septate -Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores Crytococcus neoformans (systemic mycoses) |
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Anamorphs
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Produce sexual spores only
rRNA sequencing places most in Ascomycota, a few are Basidiomycota -Penicillium -Sporothrix (subcutaneous mycoses) -Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic mycoses) -Candida albicans (cutaneous mycoses) |
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Lichens
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Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) & fungus.
-Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates, fungus provides inorganic nutrients, protection, and attachment |
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sexual reproduction in fungi
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plasmogamy
karyogamy meiosis |
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plasmogamy
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haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (-)
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karyogamy
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+ and - nuclei fuse
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meiosis
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diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)
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Fungal diseases
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systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial, opportunistic
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systemic mycoses
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deep within body
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subcutaneous mycoses
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beneath the skin
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cutaneous mycoses
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affect hair, skin, nails
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superficial mycoses
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localized, eg hair shafts
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opportunistic mycoses
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caused by normal microbiota of fungi
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saccharomyces
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positive-bread, wine, beer
negative- food spoilage |
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trichoderma
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positive- cellulose used for juices and fabric
negative- cryphonectria parasitics (chestnut blight) |
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taxomyces
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positive-taxol production
negative- ceratocystis ulm (dutch elm disease) |
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entomorphaga
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positive- gypsey moth control
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Algae
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-Eukaryotic
-Unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular (thallic) -Most are photoautotrophs |
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Phaeophyta (brown algae)
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(kelp)
-cellulose + and alginic acid cell walls -multicellular -chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls -store carbohydrates -harvested for algin |
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Rhodophyta (red algae)
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-cellulose cell walls
-most multicellular -chlorophyll a and d, phycobiliproteins -store glucose polymer -harvested for agar and carregeenan |
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Chlorophyta (green algae)
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-cellulose cell walls
-unicellulare or multicellular -chlorophyll a and b -store glucose polymer -gave rise to plants |
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Dinoflagellata
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-dinoflagellates
-cellulose in plasma membrane -unicellular -chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins -store starch -some are symbionts in marine animals -neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning |
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bacillariophyta
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-diatoms
-pectin and silica cell walls -unicellular -chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls -store oil -fossilized diatoms formed oil -produce domoic acid |
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Oomycota
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-water molds
-cellulose cell walls -multicellular -chemoheterotrophic -produce zoospores -decomposer and plant parasites -Phytophthora infestand responsible for Irish potato blight - P cinnamomi infects Eucalyptus -P. ramorum causes sudden oak death |
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The Protozoa
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-Eukaryotic
-Unicellular -Chemoheterotrophs -Vegetative form is a trophozoite -asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony -sexual reproduction by conjugation -some produce cysts |
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Archaezoa
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-no mitochondria
-multiple flagella Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage) |
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Apicomplexa
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-nonmotile
-intracellular parasites -complex life cycles Plasmodium Babesia Cryptosporidium Cyclospora |
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Microspora
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-no mitochondria
-nonmotile -intracellular parasites nosema |
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Rhizopoda (amoebas)
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-move by pseudopods
Entamoeba Acanthamoeba |
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Ciliophora (ciliates)
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-move by cilia
-complex cells Balantidium coli is the only human parasite |
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Euglenozoa
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-move by flagella
-photoautotrophs (euglenoids) -Chemoheterotrophs (naegleria, trypanosoma, leishmania) |
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Naegleria
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flagellated and amoeboid forms, meningoencephalitis
(Euglenozoa--chemoheterotrophs) |
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Trypanosoma
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Undulating membrane, transmitted by vectors
(Euglenozoa--chemoheterotrophs) |
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Leishmania
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flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form in vertebrate host
(Euglenozoa--chemoheterotrophs) |
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Cellular slime molds
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-resemble amoebas, ingest bacteria by phagocytosis
-cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body -some cells become spores |
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Plasmodial slime molds
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-multinucleated large cells
-cytoplasm seperates into stalked sporangia -nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleate haploid spores |
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Helminths (parastic worms)
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-Eukaryotic, multicellular animals
-Kingdom- Animalia -Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Class- Trematodes (flukes) Class- Cestodes (tapeworms) Phylum: Nematodes- roundworms |
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definitive host
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adult stage/sexual reproduction
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intermediate host
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larvae stage/asexual reproduction
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Arthropods as Vectors
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Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs) Class: Insecta (6 legs) Lice, fleas, mosquitos Class: Arachnida (8 legs) Mites and ticks, May transmit diseases (vectors) |
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Helminthis Diseases
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Trematodes (flukes)
Cestodes (tapeworms) Nematodes (roundworms) |
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Trematodes (flukes)
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-flat, leaf-shaped bodies with a ventral sucker and an oral sucker
- Clonorchis sinensis (liver), Paragonium westermani (lung), Schistosoma (blood) |
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Cestodes (tapeworms)
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-Taenia spp.
-Transmitted as cysticerci in undercooked meat -cysticerci may develop in humans -diagnosed by observing proglottids and eggs in feces -neurocysticercosis may require surgery |
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Nematodes (roundworms)
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Includes pinworms, ascariasis, hookworms, trichinosis
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Pinworms
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-Enterobius vermicularis
-definitive host: Humans -transmitted by ingesting Enterobius eggs |
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Ascariasis
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-ascariasis lumbricoides
-lives in human intestines -transmitted by ingesting ascaris eggs |
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Hookworms
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-Ancyclostoma duodenale, necator americanus
-larvae in soil hatched from eggs shed in feces -larvae bore through skin; migrate to intestines |
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Trichinosis
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-trichinella spiralis
-larvae encyst in muscles of humans and other mammals -transmitted by ingesting larvae in undercooked meat |
