Microbiology Ch.10

Front 1

Botulism
Staphylococcal food poisoning
and clostridial food poisoning
are _______

Back 1

Intoxications

Front 2

- typhoid fever
- salmonellosis
- shigellosis
- E. Coli diarrheas
- peptic ulcer disease
- campylobacteriosis
- brucellosis
- cholera
- bacillus cereus
- other
are examples of:

Back 2

infections

Front 3

Mouth -- G.I. Tract

Back 3

Portal of entry

Front 4

_____- illnesses in which bacterial toxins are ingested with food and water

Back 4

intoxications

Front 5

______ - illnesses in which live bacterial pathogens are ingested and grow in the body

Back 5

infections

Front 6

The ______ ______ is the time between
* consumption of contaminated material
* appearance of symptoms

Back 6

incubation period

Front 7

Clinical ______ and duration of illness depend on:
* the toxin or microbe (what it is)
* the infectious dose (how much you ate)

Back 7

Symptoms

Front 8

______ can make individuals more or less prone to food/waterborne illness
* for example, age or sanitary conditions
* we usually lose the "bookends" - the very young and the very old. with so many opposite characteristics, what do these 2 different groups have in common?

Back 8

Demographics

Front 9

What causes these intoxications and infections is contact with _____ contaminated food and water

Back 9

Fecally

Front 10

- Contamination -
_____ can be infected during improper slaughter procedure

Back 10

Meat

Front 11

Fruits and vegetables can be washed with contaminated ______

Back 11

water

Front 12

Infected humans can _____ food they handle through the fecal-oral route

Back 12

contaminate

Front 13

_____-contamination can occur:
* between foods
* via knife, cutting board, etc.

Back 13

Cross

Front 14

_____ contamination can occur by defecation of infected individuals in public water sources

Back 14

Water

Front 15

Improperly stored foods can contain large numbers of _____ because of rapid multiplication.

Back 15

pathogens

Front 16

Bacterial food poisoning can result from an ______

Back 16

intoxication

Front 17

Clostridium botulinum is the source of ______

Back 17

botulism

Front 18

C. botulinum produces a deadly ____ that attacks the nervous system, causing flaccid paralysis

Back 18

exotoxin

Front 19

Death is caused within 1-2 days of symptom onset by respiratory paralysis

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Botulism

Front 20

Symptom of Botulism: _____ _____

Back 20

Flaccid Paralysis

Front 21

If treated early, large doses of antitoxins can neutralize the toxin

Back 21

Botulism

Front 22

Most outbreaks are related to home canned foods or from foods eaten cold (heat destroys the toxin)

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Botulism

Front 23

Wound ______ occurs when a wound is infected with C. botulinum

Back 23

botulism

Front 24

____ botulism, aka floppy baby syndrome, frequently occurs when an infant is fed honey

Back 24

Infant

Front 25

Minute doses of _____ toxin can be used to treat movement disorders and to remove facial wrinkles

Back 25

botulinum

Front 26

Symptoms start ~ 11/2 days after eating food

Back 26

Botulism

Front 27

* 7 strains A-G - we are most affected by
A,B & E
* In U.S, around 100 cases/year
* U.S., Germany began weaponizing toxin in WWII, Iraq deployed missiles filled with botulinum toxin in 1990.

Back 27

Botulism

Front 28

Staphylococcus aureus causes ______ food poisoning

Back 28

staphylococcal

Front 29

_____ are often consumed in protein-rich foods such as:
* meat and fish
* dairy products

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Toxins

Front 30

The _____ causes gastroenteritis for several hours
- Symptoms: nausea, vomiting and diarrhea starting at T+30min.

Back 30

enterotoxin

Front 31

Food is often _____ by:
- boils or abscesses on a handler's skin
- through sneezing

Back 31

contaminated

Front 32

Proper handling, refrigeration, and heating help decrease the risk of ______

Back 32

contamination

Front 33

Commonly contaminated are meat, poultry, and fish

Back 33

Clostridium perfringens

Front 34

Clinical symptoms require a high infectious dose, and take 8-24 hours to appear and is usually over in 24hrs

Back 34

Clostridial food poisoning

Front 35

Most GI infections require a large dose of ______; shigella and E. coli O157 are exceptions

Back 35

bacteria

Front 36

_____ _____ is caused by salmonella enterica serotype typhi (S. typhi).

Back 36

Typhoid Fever

Front 37

__ _____ is transmitted by the five Fs:
- flies
- food
- fingers
- feces
- fomites

Back 37

S. typhi (typhoid fever)

Front 38

Salmonella enterica serotype ___ _____

Back 38

S. typhi

Front 39

__ _____ is acid resistant -- can survive in sewage and the stomach

Back 39

S. typhi

Front 40

___ _____ passes through the stomach to the small intestine
- it causes ulcers, bleeding, and pain
- CNS symptoms -- delirium, coma
- Rose spots on the skin, and not much diarrhea, but mucus and blood in the feces

Back 40

Salmonella enterica
S. Typhi

Front 41

Invasion into cardiovascular system can occur
- Rose spots indicate blood hemorrhage

Back 41

S. Typhi

Front 42

Vaccines contain dead or attenuated __ ____ or polysaccharides from __ ____ capsule - effective for ~ 2yrs.

Back 42

S. Typhi

Front 43

_____ can be contracted from a variety of foods

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salmonellosis

Front 44

______ is usually caused by S. enterica serotype enteritidis or typhimurium

Back 44

Salmonellosis

Front 45

Gastroenteritis occurs 6-48 hours after a large infectious dose of _______

Back 45

salmonellosis

Front 46

* Symptoms of ______ include, fever, nausea and/or vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dehydration
* Rarely fatal - (but your feel like you want to die!)

Back 46

Salmonellosis

Front 47

_______ can also be transmitted by live animals
- milk
* Chickens and reptiles can carry _____ eggs also

Back 47

Salmonellosis

Front 48

_______
* Occurs where sanitary conditions are lacking

Back 48

Shigellosis (bacterial dysentery)

Front 49

______ is primarily caused by shigella sonnei
- S. dysenteriae causes epidemics in the developing world

Back 49

Shigellosis (bacterial dysentery)

Front 50

Contaminated foods commonly include:
* eggs
* vegetables
* shellfish
* dairy

Back 50

Shigellosis (bacterial dysentery)

Front 51

An infectious dose requires as few as 10 __ ____ individuals

Back 51

Shigellosis (bacterial dysentery)

Front 52

Shiga toxin production in the intestinal epithelium destroys GI epithelial cells ~ ulcerations of the intestines ~ bloody stools

Back 52

Shigellosis (bacterial dysentery)

Front 53

Infection of the large intestine can lead to fatal dysentery

Back 53

Shigellosis (bacterial dysentery)

Front 54

* 18,000 cases/year in U.S.
* No vaccine is available

Back 54

Shigellosis (bacterial dysentery)

Front 55

Typhoid fever, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis are the main ___ ____ infections that cause bloody stools

Back 55

GI tract

Front 56

______ caused by campylobacter jejuni is largely self limiting but recovery can be aided by antibiotic

Back 56

Campylobacteriosis

Front 57

Causes dysentery = extremely watery diarrhea ~ enormous fluid loss

Back 57

Cholera

Front 58

_____ is caused by vibrio cholerae

Back 58

cholera

Front 59

___ _____ are often consumed with raw oysters and water
- the cells are susceptible to stomach acid
- a large infectious dose is needed to colonize intestines

Back 59

V. cholerae

Front 60

Tenting of Skin

Back 60

Dehydration

Front 61

Saris in 3rd world countries can be folded 4-8 times to filter out most _____

Back 61

pathogens

Front 62

_____ toxin causes unrelenting loss of fluid and electrolytes through diarrhea (up to 1 L/hour)

Back 62

Cholera

Front 63

If untreated, fluid loss leads to shock and coma
- can kill a healthy human adult in 3 days

Back 63

Cholera

Front 64

Antibiotics and restoration of water and electrolyte balance are effective in treatment

Back 64

Cholera

Front 65

Vaccines using dead V. cholerae are available

Back 65

Cholera

Front 66

Causes various forms of gastroenteritis

Back 66

E. coli Diarrhea's

Front 67

______ is normally found in the human intestine, but certain serotypes are pathogenic

Back 67

E. coli

Front 68

"Travelers trots", "Montezuma's revenge", infantile diarrhea, E. coli O157:H7 (will kill you)

Back 68

E. coli diarrhea's

Front 69

______ ___ _____ produce a toxin that causes gastroenteritis - is non-invasive
- a.k.a traveler's diarrhea, infantile diarrhea

Back 69

Enterotoxic E. coli

Front 70

_______ ___ _____ cause diarrhea in infants, or particularly where sanitation is lacking - "moderately invasive" - symptoms caused mostly by inflammation, not toxins

Back 70

Enteropathogenic E. coli

Front 71

__________ ___ ______ is often transmitted by undercooked ground beef (or bagged spinach)

Back 71

Enterohermorrhagic E. coli

Front 72

______ - refers to surface identity markers (will kill you)

Back 72

O157:H7
Enterohermorrhagic E. coli

Front 73

* Contamination also occurs in unpasteurized milk and juice, sprouts, lettuce, and salami
* Infection can occur from contact with cattle or swimming in/consuming contaminated water

Back 73

Enterohermorrhagic E. coli

Front 74

* A small infectious dose causes hemorrhagic colitis (bloody stool) 1-8 days after infection
* Complications can occur in young children or the elderly, but most cases resolve in 5-10 days
* most serious complication is hemolytic uremia

Back 74

Enterohermorrhagic E. coli

Front 75

* can be spread person to person
* Helicobacter pylori

Back 75

Gastric Ulcer Disease

Front 76

* it is unknown how __ ____ is transmitted but it likely involves contaminated food or water - kissing???
* people can infect dogs??

Back 76

H. pylori
Gastric Ulcer Disease

Front 77

The bacteria produce urease, which in turn produces ammonia
- ammonia neutralizes acid in that area of the colony, allowing the bacteria to survive

Back 77

H. pylori
Gastric Ulcer Disease

Front 78

The ammonia, and an H. pylori cytotoxin destroy ____-secreting cells
* this creates an ulcer

Back 78

Mucous

Front 79

A ____ breath test is used - detects radioactive CO2 coming from hydrolysis of urea

Back 79

urea

Front 80

_______
Results from consumption of contaminated poultry or dairy products; drinking from a stream

Back 80

Campylobacteriosis

Front 81

________ is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the U.S.

Back 81

Campylobacteriosis

Front 82

______ ______ is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually by poultry

Back 82

Campylobacter jejuni

Front 83

Colonization of the intestine occurs during a 2-7 day incubation period

Back 83

Campylobacteriosis

Front 84

_____ - ____ _____ is a rare nervous system disease that may develop

Back 84

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Front 85

Usually manifests itself as meningoencephalitis or septicemia

Back 85

Listeriosis

Front 86

Is caused by listeria monocytogenes - a psychrophile

Back 86

Listeriosis

Front 87

_____ is transmitted by:
* food contaminated with feces
* contaminated animal products like cold cuts and soft cheeses

Back 87

Listeriosis

Front 88

______ usually affects pregnant women, the elderly, or immunocompromised

Back 88

Listeriosis

Front 89

________ is characterized by
* headaches
* stiff neck
* delirium
* coma

Back 89

Meningoencephalitis

Front 90

______ is a blood disease involving high numbers of infected monocytes

Back 90

Septicemia

Front 91

Infection of the uterus can occur in women - can cause mental retardation and developmental abnormalities in unborn children - ______ disease

Back 91

TORCH

Front 92

Brucella species cause ______, which affects people who work with large ruminant animals

Back 92

brucellosis

Front 93

infection can occur through eyes, abrasions, or consumption of contaminated dairy products

Back 93

brucellosis

Front 94

The bacteria are transported to the spleen and lymph glands upon infection, causing flu-like symptoms

Back 94

brucellosis

Front 95

_____ is also called undulant fever because of a specific fever pattern

Back 95

brucellosis

Front 96

____ species other than V. cholerae can cause illness

Back 96

Vibrio

Front 97

___ ______ is a common problem where large amounts of seafood are consumed

Back 97

V. parahaemolyticus

Front 98

___ _____ is transmitted by oysters and clams
- it can cause a deadly systemic infection
- can also cause a "flesh eating disease"
- found in gulf coast waters

Back 98

V. vulnificus

Front 99

_____ ______ can cause diarrhea or vomiting
- infections usually occur from eating contaminated cooked grains
- produces a toxin that causes emesis(vomit)
- can throw blood pH off

Back 99

Bacillus cereus

Front 100

______ _____ causes intestinal illness
- infection is often from eating raw seafood

Back 100

Plesiomonas shigelloides

Front 101

_____ _____ cause both cholera-like and dysentery-like diarrhea's

Back 101

Aeromonas hydrophila

Front 102

_____ is a chronic, infectious disease
- it is one of the top five most reported microbial diseases in the U.S.

Back 102

Syphilis

Front 103

It is caused by Treponema palladium, a spirochete for which humans are the only host

Back 103

Syphilis

Front 104

____ ____ is characterized by a lesion (chancre) where the bacteria entered the body

Back 104

Primary syphilis (pic of lesion on tongue)

Front 105

____ _____ involves:
- fever
- skin rash
- swollen lymph nodes
* a chronic latent stage of 3-30 years follows in which relapses of secodary syphilis occur

Back 105

Secondary syphilis

Front 106

______ _____ involves formation of gummas that can cause:
* weakening and bursting of blood vessels
* degeneration of spinal cord tissue
* brain damage leading to personality and judgment changes and insanity

Back 106

tertiary syphilis

Front 107

______ ____ can occur in the fetus of a pregnant woman, leading to:
- stillbirth (kill baby)
- birth defects such as Hutchinson's triad

Back 107

Congenital syphilis

Front 108

Symptoms of ______ ______
* Weird thick teeth
* Interstitial keratitis (blindness)
* Eighth nerve (deafness)

Back 108

Hutchinson's triad

Front 109

______ can be an infection in any sexually active person

Back 109

Gonorrhea

Front 110

______ is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Back 110

Gonorrhea

Front 111

______ can also affect the:
* Reproductive organs
* Pharynx
* Rectum
* eyes

Back 111

Gonorrhea

Front 112

Infants can contract ______ ophthalmia while passing through the birth canal

Back 112

gonococcal

Front 113

In females it can spread to the fallopian tubes, causing:
* pelvic inflammatory disease
* possible sterility
* ectopic pregnancy (baby gets stuck)
* salpingitis (fallopian tube closes)

Back 113

Gonorrhea

Front 114

Males experience:
* tingling of the penis
* pain when urinating
* penile discharge
* swollen lymph nodes
* painful testicles
Many affected males are asymptomatic (dont think they have it)

Back 114

Gonorrhea

Front 115

______ _____ can be asymptomatic
- is the most commonly reported notifiable disease in the U.S.
- is one of several diseases known as a nongonococcal urethritis

Back 115

Chlamydial Urethritis

Front 116

______ is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

Back 116

Chlamydia

Front 117

85-90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic

Back 117

Chlamydial Urethritis

Front 118

* ___ _____ cannot make its own ATP and must rely on the host cell for energy
* It has two phases: the infectious elementary body and the noninfectious reticulate body

Back 118

C. trachomatis

Front 119

Spreading to the fallopian tubes can cause salpinigitis

Back 119

C. trachomatis

Front 120

If left untreated it can cause PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)

Back 120

C. trachomatis

Front 121

Males complain of painful urination and watery discharge
* it can cause infertility in males

Back 121

C. trachomatis

Front 122

______ can also occur in the pharynx or anus

Back 122

Chlamydia

Front 123

______ can contact chlamydial ophthalmia during delivery

Back 123

Newborns

Front 124

______ can be detected by a fluorescent antibody test or DNA analysis

Back 124

Infection

Front 125

Species of ______ are used to investigate the evolution of pathogenicity

Back 125

Chlamydia

Front 126

______ causes painful genital ulcers
- (soft chancre) is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi
- caused by low hygiene

Back 126

Chancroid

Front 127

- Is common in areas with low public health standards and tropical climates
- a papule forms at the entry site that fills with pus and breaks down
- this leaves a painful, bleeding ulcer
- lesions often form on the penis in men, labia or clitoris in females

Back 127

Chancroid

Front 128

______ ______ produces mild symptoms

Back 128

Ureaplasmal urethritis

Front 129

It is an NGU caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma)

Back 129

Ureaplasmal Urethritis

Front 130

Symptoms are similar to those of gonorrhea or chlamydia, but are often mild
- infertility can occur in men, salpingitis in women

Back 130

Ureaplasmal Urethritis

Front 131

_____ _____ can colonize the placenta during pregnancy, causing:
- miscarriage or
- premature birth

Back 131

Ureaplasmal Urethritis

Front 132

______ ______ is caused by a different serotype of C. trachomatis than chlamydia
- it is more common in men than women
- it is common in Southeast asia, and central and south America

Back 132

Lymphogranuloma venerium

Front 133

______ ______ is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
- it is rare in europe and North America

Back 133

Granuloma inguinale

Front 134

Characterized by:
- bledding ulcer
- swollen lymph nodes in the groin

Back 134

Granuloma inguinale

Front 135

* tissue samples reveal masses of bacterial cells (Donovan bodies) within white blood cells in the lesion
* Anal intercourse is the most frequent route of infection

Back 135

Granuloma inguinale

Front 136

_____ is a general term for various mild infections of the vagina or vulva
- bacterial vaginosis is the most common form, caused by Gardnerella vaginalis

Back 136

Vaginitis

Front 137

______ is a Chronic, Systemic Infection
* It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular parasite

Back 137

Leprosy (Hansen Disease)

Front 138

About 95% of the world's population is immune to _____ it is spread through nasal secretions
- it has a long incubation period of 3-6 years

Back 138

Leprosy

Front 139

_____ causes
- disfigurement of skin and bones
- twisting of limbs and curling of fingers
- loss of facial features

Back 139

Leprosy

Front 140

In multibacillary or lepromatous ______ , tumor-like lepromas form on the skin and respiratory tract
- The immune system does not react

Back 140

Leprosy

Front 141

________ contact
* Diseases have several manifestations
* Localized skin infections involve puss-filled pockets in the skin

Back 141

Staphylococcal

Front 142

______ is an infection at the base of a hair follicle

Back 142

Folliculitis

Front 143

An ______ is a circumscribed puss-filled lesion

Back 143

Abscess

Front 144

A ______ (boil) is a warm, painful abscess beneath the skin surface

Back 144

furuncle

Front 145

If an ______ breaks, infection can be spread

Back 145

abscess

Front 146

_______ are a group of connected, deeper abscesses transmitted by skin contact

Back 146

carbuncles

Front 147

_______ is a skin infection common in children involving oozing blisters in the epidermis

Back 147

Impetigo

Front 148

Antibiotic resistance in ____ ______ is well known

Back 148

S. aureus

Front 149

Some __. _____ diseases result from contact with toxin

Back 149

S. Aureus

Front 150

______ skin syndrome involves red, wrinkled, tender, and peeling skin
- This usually occurs in children or immunocompromised people

Back 150

Scalded

Front 151

_____ ______ ______ a characterized by sudden fever and circulatory collapse
- use of tampons have been associated with ____, but it is not the only cause.

Back 151

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Front 152

______ is transmitted by personal contact
- _____ is the worlds leading cause of preventable blindness
- it is caused by a serotype of Chlamydia trachomatis

Back 152

Trachoma