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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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agent meets the host
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encounter
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agent enters the host
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entry
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agent spreads from the site of entry
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spread
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agent multiplies in the host
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multiplication
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agent, or host response cause tissue damage
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damage
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agent or host wins, or coexists
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outcome
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infections that can cross the placenta
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congenital infections
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4 congenital infections
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rubella, syphillis, HIV, CMV
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where does the first exposure to environmental organisms take place
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partuition, in the birth canal
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what contains maternal antibodies
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colostrum
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exogenously acquired infection
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encounters with agents in the environment
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prevention of exogenous infections
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improving sanitation and standards of living rather than medical
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endogenously acquired infection
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agents are already present in or on ourbodies
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colonization
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presence of microorganisms in a site that may or may not lead to tissue damage, organisms can multiply here
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infectious disease
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agents have moved beyond the colonization stage
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normal flora
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organisms that in or on the body that are not in the process of causing disease
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what must be known in order to make a distinction between an exogenous and endogenous infection
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composition of normal flora
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entry into body
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ingress and penetration
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ingress
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entry of microorganisms into body by way of cavities that are open to the external environment
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penetration
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entry of microorganisms into body by way of crossing an epithelial border
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infections that come about without bacterial penetration
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cholera, whooping cough
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surgical removal of larynx predisposes patient to what
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increased incidents of respiratory infections because of loss of physical blocks to microorganisms
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why do microorganisms have difficulty colonizing lower respiratory tract
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cilia force things back up, no way to adhere to wall
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why do smokers have increases respiratory infections
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loss of clilia function, increased rates of pneumonia
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what are the factors that influence ingestion of microorganisms (2)
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length of time in the stomach and type of food ingested with
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what parts of the small intestine are not favorable to colonization
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duodenum, ileum
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what part of the small intestine requires mechanisms for attachment
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ileum
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attachments that bacteria use to adhere to wallas
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adhesins
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two types of adhesins
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fibriae, polysaccharides
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what do agents interact with before penetrating mucosal barriers
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receptors
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what virus contains surface components that bind to host cells
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influenza
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two functions of virus uptake
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attachment and internalization
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cells in the lungs that phagocytose infectious agents
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dust cells
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insect bites lead to what
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parasite infection
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reduviid bug transmits what infection
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chagas disease
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extended rhumatic fever infection can lead to what
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subacute bacterial endocarditis, caused by oral streptococci
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corneal transplants can lead to what
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Creutzfeldt-jackob disease
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kidney transplants lead to what
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CMV
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how can transplant lead to endogenous infection
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immune supression leads to opporunistic infection taking over
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predominant infection from blood transfusions
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Hep B
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inoculum
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the number of invading orgamisms
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lateral propegation
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original site of entry into contagous tissues
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dissemination
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spread to distant sites
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what must microorganisms do before they can spread in the body
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overcome host immune system
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what is unique about malaria propegation
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it is distributed through the body before it has a chance to replicate
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how does anatomy play a role in propegation
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anatomical factors play a role in dissemination, can result in rapid or slow depending on infection origin site
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what is one major thing that must happen in order for an infection to successfully infect an organism
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multiply itself, reproduce
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what is the only type of organism that can manifest symptoms without large amounts of reproduction
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those that produce toxins, clostridium botulinum
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what is a toxin build up called
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intoxication
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incubation period
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time needed for infectious agents to overcome early defenses and grow to a certain population size
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temperature optimum
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range in which orgamism can grow
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humans have a what temperature optimum
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narrow (for bacteria)
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what kind of temperature optimum is found in the environment
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wide (pseudomonas)
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can athletes foot fungi cause internal disease
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no
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constitutive defenses
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complement and phagocytosis
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induced defenses
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humoral and cellular immunity
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what is the order in which these defense mechanisms are activated
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complement, phagocytosis, humoral, cellular
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what defense strategy is utilized by meningococcus, pneumococcus
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capsule formation to prevent phagocytosis and antibody recognition
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what property of capsules can be utilized
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immunogenic, can be used as vaccine targets
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what pathogens genetically modify surface antigens
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gonococci and salmonellae
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what makes a microbe a good candidate to survive in the host
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nutrients in the GI tract, no inflammatory response, cause no damage and help the organism live
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what are the most successful pathogens
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STDs
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chronic disease STD
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syphillis
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minimal disease STD
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chalymidia, gonorrhea
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how can nonpathogenic strains of bacteria cause infections
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getting into places or cavities they do not belong
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what is the end result of highly pathogenic pathogens
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host death - bacteria does not reproduce
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what can be the cause of a large amount of damage caused by infection
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vehement host responses in overdrive
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which bacteria give off the strongest toxins
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botulin and tetanus
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what is the method by which toxins cause damage
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hyperactivity of normal processes
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where does tissue death cause the most damage
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in essential organs
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what type of bacteria give off endotoxins
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gram negative
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what class of surface component are endotoxins
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lipopolysaccharide
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what does endotoxin do in small amounts, large amounts
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small - fever, large DIC, Shock
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innate immunity
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always present and ready for action- less specific and requires no previous exposure
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humoral immunity
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adaptive immunity, production of circulating antibodies - seek and destroy
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antigen antibody complex produces what
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inflammation
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what is the byproduct of inflammation
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complement system - activated by antigen - antibody complexes that activate a series of proteolytic reactions - classical pathway
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microorganism activated humoral imunity
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alternative pathway
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what is seen in the aftermath of streptococcal and viral infections
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glomerulonephritis
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what class of surface component are endotoxins
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lipopolysaccharide
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what does endotoxin do in small amounts, large amounts
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small - fever, large DIC, Shock
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innate immunity
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always present and ready for action- less specific and requires no previous exposure
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humoral immunity
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adaptive immunity, production of circulating antibodies - seek and destroy
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antigen antibody complex produces what
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inflammation
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what is the byproduct of inflammation
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complement system - activated by antigen - antibody complexes that activate a series of proteolytic reactions - classical pathway
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microorganism activated humoral imunity
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alternative pathway
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what is seen in the aftermath of streptococcal and viral infections
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glomerulonephritis
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