Microbiology Ch.1

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Initiated the field of microbiology. Some consider him the inventor of the microscope.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek 17th century

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Invented a microscope and observed thin slices of cork.

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Robert Hooke 1965

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A concept that microorganisms appear from nothing.

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Spontaneous Generation

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Flies were allowed access to meat, maggots would appear on meat, without flies no maggots would appear.

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Francesco Redi- Late 17th Century.

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Swan necked flask. Broth became cloudy with microorganisms. Also developed pasteurization.

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Louis Pasteur

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Who showed that air can be sterilized by allowing all partiles to settle?

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John Tyndall

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Microorganisms are responsible for invading other organisms and causing disease.

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Germ Theory of disease

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Foods are heat-processed to kill pathogenic bacteria. Can also be done using gamma irradiation.

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Pasteurization

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Who created a method for acquiring a sample of a single species of bacteria (pure culture)?

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Robert Koch

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solidifying agent

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Agar

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Introduced the principles of antisepsis in the late 1860's.

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Joseph Lister

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In 1884 developed a porcelain filter to remove bacteria from water. (Chamberland filter or Chamberland-Pasteur filter)

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Charles Chamberland

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Founder of virology. Used Chamberland filter to show something smaller that bacteria exists.

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Martinus Beijerinck

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In 1952 2 people that proved that genes are made of DNA, not protein.

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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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Who coined the term chemotherapy.

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Paul Ehrlich

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Father of immunology. Discovered phagocytes and phagocytosis. Also investigated intestinal microbes as causative agents in aging, a process he called autointoxiation.

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Eli Metchnikoff

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What are phagocytes?

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Eating cells in the blood and vessels, lympgh nodes, bone marrow, liver and spleen that destroy and digest invading microorganisms and other foreign microparticles.

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A major group of living organisms in the kingdom Monera. Microscopic, unicellular, simple cell structure with no nucleus, cytoskeleton and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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Bacteria

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Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that have multinucleated cells enclosed within cell walls. Nutrition through decomposing products.

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Fungi

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In the kingdom Protista. Unicellular, multicellular, solitary, or colonial organisms that contain chlorophyll. Lack roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds.

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Algae

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Heterotrophic eukaryotic unicellular organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista.

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Protozoa

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Sub-microscopic, obligate intracellular parasite that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. Pathogenic.

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Virus

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A bacterium. An organism whose chromosomes are not enclosed within a nuclear membrane. Bacterium or Cyanobacterium.

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Prokaryote

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An organism with cells having a distinct nucleus with nDNA and intracellular membranes. Everything on earth except prokaryotes.

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Eukaryote

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What are the 5 kingdoms?

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Plants, fungi, animals and protista are in the Eukaryotic family.
Monera is in the Prokaryotic family.

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Bottom of the taxonomic tree because they are the oldest. Primitive Prokaryotes.

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Archaeobacteria

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Type of archaea that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. Anaerobic and are rapidly killed by oxygen.

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Methanogens

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Extremophiles that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt. 10x the salt of the ocean.

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Halophiles

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Archaebacteria which thrive in acidous, sulfer rich, high temperature environments such as hot springs.

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Thermoacidophile

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Synthesize their nutrients through photosynthesis. Have internal membranes. Don't attack other life forms but do create toxins in an aqueous environment.

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Cyanobacteria

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What is the definition of Autotrophs?

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Capable of synthesizing their own nutrients.

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What is wavelength?

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The distance between two crests of a wave of light.

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What is resolution?

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Ability to distinguish closely spaced objects on an image or photograph.

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Microscope that has more than one lens. Light passes through a blue filter, which filters out the long wavelengths of light, leaving the shorter and improving resolution.

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Compound Microscope

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What does a condenser do?

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Converges the light beam so that they pass through the specimen.

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This lens provides the majority of the magnification potential. It is also a series of several lenses necessary to correct aberrations of color and focus.

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Objective Lens

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Also called the eyepiece and provides additional magnification.

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Occular lens

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What is Bright field microscopy?

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Illumination is transmitted via white light from below and observed from above.

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What is Phase-contrast microscopy?

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Small phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into amplitude or contrast changes in the image.

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An optical microscopy illumination used to enhance the contrast in unstained samples.

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Nomarski (Differential Interference Contrast) microscopy.

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An imaging technique used to increase micrograph contrast to reconstruct 3-dimensional images by using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out of focus light or flare in specimens that are thicker than the focal plane.

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Confocal Microscopy

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Describe Electron Microscopy.

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Have significantly higher resolving power than light. Electrons can also behave as waves and their wavelength is much smaller than the smallest wavelength of light, allowing for a much greater resolving power.

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Describe Dark Field Microscopy.

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Used to enhance the contrast in unstained samples. It illuminates the sample with light that will not be collected by the objective lens, so not form part of the image.

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What is the best method for viewing the internal structures of microbes?

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

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This involves placing a specimen in a block of plastic TEM use.

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Embedding

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This involves an ultrathin coating of electrically-conducting material, deposited either by high vacuum evaporation or by low vacuum sputter coating of the sample.

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Conductive Coating (Shadow Casting)