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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolism |
The sum if all chemical reactions within a living organism. Is the buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell. These chemical reactions release energy or create energy. (Energy-balancing act) |
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Enzymes |
Proteins, produced by living cells, that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Generally globular proteins with characteristics 3 dimensional shapes. |
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
The energy for chemical reactions is stored as ATP. A molecule that cells use to manage energy needs. |
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Catabolic / catabolism |
Chemical reaction that results in the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simple compounds, releasing energy. |
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Anabolic / anabolism |
Refers to the chemical reaction in which simpler substances are combined to form complex molecules. Requires energy |
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How are Catabolic and Anabolic pathways linked? |
Catabolic reactions provide the energy needed for anabolic reactions. |
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Metabolism pathways |
Sequence of chemical reactions, are determined by its enzymes |
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Collision theory |
The principle that chemical reactions occur because energy is gained as particles collide |
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Activation energy |
The amount of energy needed to disrupt the stable electron configuration in any molecule so the electrons can be rearranged. |
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Reaction rate |
The frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to bring about a reaction |
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Catalyst |
Substance that can speed up a chemical reaction without being altered themselves |
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Substrates |
Any compund in which an enzyme reacts. |
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Turnover number |
The maximum number of substrates a enzyme molecule converts to product each second. |
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Denaturation |
Enzymes loss of its characteristics three dimensional structure |
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Saturation |
An active site on enzymes are always occupied by substrate or product molecule |
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Competitive inhibitors |
Fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the site |
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Noncompetitive inhibitors |
do not compete with substrates, instead they interact with another part of the apoenzyme or on the cofactor and decrease the enzymes ability to combine with the normal substrate |
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Feedback inhibition (end-product feedback |
Occors when the end-product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzymes activity near the start of the pathway. |
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Ribozymes |
Function as catalysts, have active sites that bind to substrates, cut and splice RNA and are involved in protein synthesis at ribosomes |
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Oxidation-reduction |
Coupled reaction, each time one substrate is oxidized( loses a electron), another is simultaneously reduced (gaining an electron through reduction) |
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How are enzymes effecient |
The can operate at relatively low temps, & are subject to various cellular controls. |
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What happens when enzymes and substrates combine? |
The substrates is transformed and the enzyme is recovered |
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How are enzymes characterized |
By their specificity, which is the function of their active sites. |
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Enzymes are characterized by |
6 classes on the basis of the type of reactions they catalyze |
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How does temperature influence enzymatic activities |
High temps, the enzymes undergo denaturation and lose their catalytic properties. Low temps the reaction rate dereases. |
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What is Optimum pH? |
The pH at which enzymatic activities is maximum |
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Oxidation is?
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the removal of one or more electrons from a substrate. Protons (H+) are often removed with the electrons.
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Reduction of substrate?
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refers to the gain of one or more electrons.
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NAD+ is
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the oxidized form
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NADH is
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the reduced form
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Glucose roles in energy production
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glucose is a reduced molecule ; energy is released during a cells oxidation of glucose
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Photophosphorylation |
energy from light is trapped by chlorophyll, and electrons are passed through a series of electron acceptors. the electron transfer releases energy used for synthesis of ATP.
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how ATP generated?
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energy release during certain metabolic reactions can be trapped to from ATP from ADT and P (phosphate). the addition of a P molecule is called phosphorylation.
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what happens during substrate-level phosphorylation?
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a high-energy P from intermediate in catabolism is added to ADP
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what happens during oxidative phosphorylation?
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energy is released as electrons are passed to a series of electron acceptors (an electron transport chant) and finally to O2 or another inorganic compound.
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what are metabolic pathways
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a series of enzymatic catalyzed chemical reactions, that store energy in and release energy from organic molecules.
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Most of a cells energy is produces?
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from the oxidation of carbohydrates
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What are the 2 major types of carbohydrate catabolism? |
Respiration |
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The most common pathway for the oxidation of glucose? |
Glycolysis. Pyruvic acid is the end-product.
Glycolysis yields two ATP and two NADH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule. |
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The pentose phosphate pathway is used to? |
Oxidize five-carbonsugars; one ATP and 12 NADPH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule. |
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The Entner-Doudoroff pathway yields?
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one ATP and two NADPHmolecules from oxidation of one glucose molecule.
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During respiration, organic molecules?
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Are oxidized.Energy is generated from oxidations in the electron transportchain.
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In aerobic respiration:
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O2 functions as the final electronacceptor.
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In anaerobic respiration: |
the final electron acceptor is not O2; the electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration include NO3-, SO42-,and CO32-. |
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Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces: |
one CO2 molecule and one acetyl group. |
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Two-carbon acetyl groups are oxidized in the Krebs cycle.
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Electrons are picked up by NAD+ and FAD for the electrontransport chain.
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Decarboxylation produces:
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six molecules of CO2 in the Krebs Cycle.
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The electron transport chain consists of: |
carriers, including flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones. |
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Protons being pumped across the membrane generate: |
a proton motive force as electrons move through a series of acceptors or carriers. |
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Energy produced from movement of the protons back across themembrane is used by:
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ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP and P.
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In eukaryotes, electron carriers are located in:
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Innermitochondrial membrane.
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In prokaryotes, electron carriers are in:
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the plasma membrane.
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In aerobic prokaryotes, 38 ATP molecules can be produced from : |
complete oxidation of a glucose molecule in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. |
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In eukaryotes, 36 ATP molecules are produced from:
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completeoxidation of a glucose molecule.
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Fermentation releases energy from : |
sugars or other organic molecules by oxidation. O2 is not required for fermentation. |
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In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is:
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reduced by NADH tolactic acid.
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In alcohol fermentation, acetaldehyde is:
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reduced by NADH toproduce ethanol.
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Heterolactic fermenters can use the pentose phosphate pathway to produce: |
lactic acid and ethanol. Hetero- use organic compounds for carbon |
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Lipases hydrolyze lipids into:
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glycerol and fatty acids.
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Fatty acids and other hydrocarbons are catabolized by: |
betaoxidation.
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Catabolic products can be further broken down in: |
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. |
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Before amino acids can be catabolized, they must be converted to: |
various substances that enter the Krebs cycle.
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Transamination, decarboxylation, and desulfurization reactionsconvert the :
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amino acids to be catabolized.
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Bacteria and yeast can be identified by:
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detecting action of theirenzymes.
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Fermentation tests are used to determine whether an organism can: |
ferment a carbohydrate to produce acid and gas.
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Photosynthesis is: |
the conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy; the chemical energy is used for carbonfixation. Photo- use light as energy |
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Chlorophyll a is used by:
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green plants, algae, andcyanobacteria.
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Electrons from chlorophyll pass through an: |
electrontransport chain, from which ATP is produced bychemiosmosis.
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Photosystems are made up of:
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chlorophyll and other pigmentspacked into thylakoid membranes.
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In cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons :
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return to thechlorophyll.
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In noncyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons are used toreduce?
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NADP+. The electrons from H2O or H2S replace those lostfrom chlorophyll.
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When H2O is oxidized by green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria,
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O2 is produced; when H2S is oxidized by the sulfur bacteria, S0granules are produced.
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CO2 is used to synthesize:
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sugars in the Calvin-Benson cycle.
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Sunlight is converted to chemical energy in:
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Oxidation reactionscarried on by phototrophs. Chemotrophs can use this chemicalenergy.
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In oxidation delete reactions, energy is derived from: |
the transfer of electrons. |
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To produce energy, a cell needs: |
an electron donor (organic orinorganic), a system of electron carriers, and a final electronacceptor (organic or inorganic).
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Photoautotrophs obtain energy by photophosphorylation and fixcarbon from CO2 via the:
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Calvin-Benson cycle to synthesize organiccompounds.
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Cyanobacteria are: |
Oxygenic phototrophs.
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Green bacteria andpurple bacteria are: |
anoxygenic phototrophs.
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Photoheterotrophs use light as an energy source and anorganic compound for their:
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carbon source and electrondonor.
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Chemoautotrophs use inorganic compounds as their: |
Energy sourceand carbon dioxide as their carbon source. Chemo- use Oxidation-reduction reaction as energy source |
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Chemoheterotrophs use complex organic molecules as their: |
carbonand energy sources.
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Glycogen is formed from:
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ADPG.
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UDPNAc is the starting material for the: |
biosynthesis ofpeptidoglycan.
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Lipids are synthesized from:
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fatty acids and glycerol.
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Glycerol is derived from:
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dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and fattyacids are built from acetyl CoA.
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Amino acids are required for:
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protein biosynthesis.
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All amino acids can be synthesized either directly or indirectlyfrom : |
Intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism, particularly fromthe Krebs cycle.
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The sugars composing nucleotides are derived from either: |
the pentose phosphate pathway or the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. |
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Carbon and nitrogen atoms from certain amino acids form thebackbones of:
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the purines and pyrimidines.
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Anabolic and catabolic reactions are integrated through a group of:
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common intermediates. Such integrated metabolic pathways are referred to as amphibolicpathways.
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