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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chemotherapy
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use of drugs to treat a disease
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antimicrobial drugs
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interfere w/microbe growth w/in a host
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antibiotic is a
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substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe
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selective toxicity is a
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drug that kills harmful microbes w/o damaging the host
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penicillin was
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discovered in 1928 by fleming & produce by penicillum (fungi)
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penicillin 1st
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clinical trial of pcn in 1940 by howard florey & ernst chain
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broad spectrum abt
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abt affect broad range gram - / gram + bacteria
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superinfection is an
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overgrowth of yeast-like fungus
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bactericidal
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kills microbes directly
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bacteriostatic
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prevent microbes growth
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5 ways antimicrobial drugs work
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-inhibition of cell wall synthesis
-inhibition of protein synthesis -injury to plasma membrane -inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites -inhibition of nucleic acid, replication, & transcription |
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name 3 drug grps for
inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
penicillin
polypeptide antibiotics antimycobacterial antibiotics |
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name 2 drug grps for pcn
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natural & semisynthetic pcn
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natural pcn drugs are
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pencillin G & penicllin V
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semisynthetic pcn drugs are
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ampicillin, amoxicillin
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polypeptide antibiotics drugs are
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bacitracin, vancomycin
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antimycobacterial antibiotic drug is
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isoniazid
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name 4 drug grps for inhibitors of protein synthesis
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cholamphenicol, amioglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides
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aminoglycosides drug is
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streptomycin
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tetracyclines drug is
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tetracycline
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macrolides drug is
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erythromycin
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name 2 drug grps for inhibitors to nucleic acid synthesis
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rifamycins, quinolones
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rifamycins drug is
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rifampin
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quinolones drugs are
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ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin
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name drug grp for competitive inhibitors of essential metabolite synthesis
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sulfonamides
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sulfonamides drugs are
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trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)
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antifungal drugs are
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agents affecting fungal sterols
--clotrimazole, miconazole |
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clotrimazole & micronazole mode of action
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inhibit synthesis of plasma membrane
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clotrimazole & micronazole
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topical use
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other antifungal drugs
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tolnaftate
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tolnaftate mode of action
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unknown
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tolnaftate treats
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athlete's foot
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name 2 grps of antiviral drugs
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-nucleoside & nucleotide analogs
-interferons |
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nucleoside & nucleotide analogs drug is
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acyclovir
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acyclovir mode of action
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inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis
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acyclovir used primarily against
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herpesviruses
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interferons drug is
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alpha-interferon
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alpha-interferons mode of action
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inhibits spred of virus to new cells
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alpha-interferon used to treat
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viral hepatitis
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antiprotozoan drugs is
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chloroquine
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chloroquine mode of action
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inhibits DNA synthesis
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chloroquine used to treat
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malaria: effective against RBC stage only
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antihelminthic drugs is
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niclosamide
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niclosamide mode of action
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prevents ATP generation in mitochondria
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niclosamide used to treat
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tapeworm infections
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antibiotic resistance happens because
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-a variety of mutations can lead to antibiotic resistance
-mechanisms of antibiotic resistance |
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mechanism of antibiotic resistance
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- enzymatic destruction of drug
-prevention of penetration of drug -alteration of drug's target site -rapid ejection of the drug |
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misuse of antibiotics
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selects for resistance mutants
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name 5 ways of antibiotic misuse
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-using outdated/ weakened abt
-using abt for common cold & other inappropiate conditions -use of abt in animal feed -failure to complete prescribed regimen -using someone else's leftover prescription |
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what are the 2 #1 reasons abt are misused
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failure to complete prescribed regimen
using someone else's leftover prescription |
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name 2 effects of combination drugs
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synergism & antagonism
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synergism occurs when
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effect of 2 drugs together is greather than the effect of either drug alone
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antagonism occurs when
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effect of 2 drugs together less than the effecto of either alone
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future of chemotherapeutic agents
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antimicrobial peptides
antisense agents |
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antibicrobial peptides
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broad spectum abt from plants & animals
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antisense agents
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complementary DNA / peptide nucleic acids that binds to a pathogen's virulence gene(s) & prevents transcription
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