Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Why did people believe in spontaneous generation?
|
Because they they had no way to explain why maggots came out of dead animals, or microbes appeared in liquids.
|
|
|
Why didn't spontaneous generation proponents believe Redi proved anything?
|
Because Spallazani sealed his flasks, and they believed that air was necessary for life.
|
|
|
How was Pasteur finally able to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?
|
He used flasks with s-curve necks that allowed air to get in, but caused the bacteria to get trapped at the bottom of the curve.
He proved that microbes are in fact in the air, and the air itself does not create microbes. |
|
|
Who was the first person to actually observe microbes through a microscope?
|
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
|
|
|
What role do microbes play in pest control?
|
Pests can be controlled by using bacteria that cause disease in insects, rather than using chemicals. These are better because they are specific to the insect and don't harm the environment.
|
|
|
What role do microbes play in recycling elements?
|
They break down dead plants & animals and convert the 5 essential elements into forms other organisms can use.
|
|
|
What are the 5 things required by all living organisms?
|
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur & phosphorous.
|
|
|
What role do microbes play in "normal microbiota"?
|
Aka "normal floral," these are microbes that inhabit our bodies. Mostly they are neutral; sometimes they benefit us; sometimes they make us sick.
|
|
|
What role do microbes play in sewage treatment?
|
Bacteria decompose the organic matter in sewage into CO2, nitrates, phosphates, sulfate & inorganic compounds.
|
|
|
What is mineralization?
|
The process of bacteria decomposing organic matter in sewage into CO2, nitrates, phosphates, sulfate & inorganic compounds.
|
|
|
What role do microbes play in human insulin production?
|
Through recombinant DNA technology, bacteria become mini biochemical factories. They insert the gene for human insulin into bacteria, and they produce it cheaply.
|
|
|
What role do microbes play in vaccine production?
|
Microbes & their toxins can be used as vaccines. Some microbes can be genetically engineered to produce vaccine components.
|
|
|
What field of microbiology is the following related to?
Studies biodegradation of toxic wastes. |
Microbial ecology.
|
|
|
What field of microbiology is the following related to?
Studies the causative agent of AIDS. |
Virology.
|
|
|
What field of microbiology is the following related to?
Studies the production of human proteins by bacteria. |
Microbial genetics & Molecular biology
|
|
|
What field of microbiology is the following related to?
Studies the symptoms of AIDS. |
Immunology.
|
|
|
What was the contribution to microbiology?
Jenner |
Developed vaccine against smallpox.
|
|
|
What was the contribution to microbiology?
Koch |
Proved that microbes can cause disease.
|
|
|
What was the contribution to microbiology?
Pasteur |
Disproved spontaneous generation.
|
|
|
What was the contribution to microbiology?
Van Leeuwenhoek |
First to observe bacteria.
|
|
|
How do you name an organism?
|
First is its genus (capitalized), and then it's species.
Must be underlined or italicized. |
|
|
How are scientific names chosen?
|
To describe the organism, honor a researcher, or identify the habitat or niche of a species.
|
|
|
Describe the microbe: algae
|
* Cell wall made of cellulose
* Photosynthetic |
|
|
Describe the microbe: bacteria
|
* Cell wall made of petidoglycan
|
|
|
Describe the microbe: fungi
|
* Cell wall made of chitin
|
|
|
Describe the microbe: protozoa
|
* Complex cell structure lacking a cell wall
|
|
|
Describe the microbe: viruses
|
* Not composed of cells.
|
|
|
What are some supermarket products made by microbes?
|
Yogurt, sour cream, cheese, protein supplements, bread, wine, beer, sauerkraut, vinegar.
|
|
|
What are acidic dyes used for?
|
They are used for negative stains since they stain the background (NOT the cell).
|
|
|
What are basic dyes used for?
|
"Simple" stains because they stain the cells in a smear.
|
|
|
What do basic dyes stain bacteria?
|
Because bacteria have a negative charge (are acidic). The positive charge of the dye is attracted to this negative charge.
|
|
|
When would you use a simple stain?
|
To determine cell shape & arrangement.
|
|
|
When would you use a differential stain?
|
To distinguish kinds of bacteria based up on the interaction of the staining procedure with a particular cell wall structure.
|
|
|
When would you use a negative stain?
|
When you need to determine cell shape, size & the presence of a capsule. It doesn't distort the cell.
|
|
|
When would you use a flagella stain?
|
To determine the # and arrangement of flagella.
|
|
|
What is a mordant?
|
A chemical that intensifies the stain. It also coats structure to make it thicker and easier to see (flagellum).
|
|
|
What does the counterstain do in the acid-fast stain?
|
It stains the colorless non-acid-fast cells so they are easily seen through a microscope.
|
|
|
What is the Gram stain?
|
Divides bacteria into gram-positive & gram-negative.
|
|
|
What is a gram-positive bacteria?
|
Retains the purple color even after decolorization from alcohol.
|
|
|
What is a gram-negative bacteria?
|
Bacteria that loses the purple color after decolorization.
|
|
|
Why is safranin (counterstain) added during Gram-staining?
|
To give some color to the gram-negative bacteria.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of a counterstain?
|
It stains the colorless non-acid-fast cells so they are easily seen through a microscope.
|
|
|
What is a non-acid-fast bacteria?
|
Bacteria whose cell wall lacks the waxy components (stains are usually more soluble in cell wall waxes than alcohol)
Decolorized by acid solutions. |
|
|
What is a decolorizing agent?
|
Acid alcohol. Ethanol or ethanol-acetone.
|
|
|
What step in Gram staining could be omitted?
|
The counterstain, because Gram positive cells would be purple and Gram negative would be colorless.
|
|
|
In order to discern two objects separated by a given distance...
|
...the resolving power must be less than or equal to the distance in question.
|
|
|
What is the acid-fast stain?
|
It binds strongly only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls.
|
|
|
Will acid-fast bacteria be gram positive or gram negative?
|
They will be gram-positive, if they stain at all. Acid fast cells have a high waxy lipid content, which makes them impermeable to most stains. If a stain penetrates, it will not be removed by the decolorizer.
|
|
|
Will non-acid-fast bacteria be gram positive or negative?
|
They can be either gram positive or negative.
|
