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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Examples of "congenital infections" that can be passed to the fetus through the placenta.
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rubella (german measles), syphilis, HIV, cytomegalovirus
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result from encounters with agents in the environment
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Exogenously acquired diseases
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caused by agents present in or on the body. Colonization does not necessitate infectious disease.
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endogenously acquired diseases
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organisms in or on the body that are not in the process of causing disease
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normal flora
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the term entry can be used in two senses:
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either the ingress of microorganisms into body cavities that are contiguous with the outside environment or the penetration of microorganisms into deeper tissue after crossing an epithelial barrier
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examples of infectious diseases that occur without bacterial penetration through epithelial surfaces
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cholera, whooping cough, infections of the urinary bladder
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list some protective devices of the respiratory system
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anatomical structures (nasal turbinates, oropharynx and larynx), upward-sweeping action of the ciliary epithelium
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primary defense of the stomach against infection
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acid
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surface components of bacteria that allow them to adhere to the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa
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adhesins (e.g. hair-like pili [fimbriae] and the surface polysaccharides)
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insect bites can lead to the penetration of the following:
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viruses (viral encephalitiis, yellow fever), bacteria (plague, typhus), protozoa (malaria, sleeping sickness), or worms (river blindness, elephantiasis).
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four main methods of penetration
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1. attachment and internalization
2. insect bites 3. cuts and wounds 4. organ transplants and blood transfusions |
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this infection was usually caused by oral streptococci that invaded the heart valves damaged by a previous disease, usually rheumatic fever
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subacute bacterial endocarditis
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T/F the transplanted organ is always the source of infection
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False. The suppressed immune response necessary for the transplant makes the host more susceptible to endogenous viruses
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the number of invading organisms
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inoculum
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two meanings of the word "spread". Remember, spread can PRECEDE or FOLLOW microbial multiplication in the body.
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1. lateral propagation from original site of entry to contiguous tissues
2. dissemination to distant sites |
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That infected fluids in the interior of the body tend to flow along fascial planes is an example of what principle?
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fluid dynamics
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examples of extracellular hydrolases used by bacteria to move through the body
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protease - breaks up fibrin
hyaluronidase - hydrolyzes the hyaluronic acid of CT deoxyribonuclease - reduces the viscosity of pus |
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produces the botulinum toxin that leads to botulism. Leads to intoxication rather than infection.
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Clostridium botulinum
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the time needed for the infectious agents to overcome early defenses and grow to a certain population size
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incubation period
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two types of host defense strategies:
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complement and phagocytosis
humoral and cellular immunity |
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defense strategy used by pneumococcus and meningococcus to prevent binding by complement and phagocytosis by leukocytes
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extracellular capsules
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What causes damage in an infection such as pneumonia caused by pneumococci?
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As in many other infections, the symptoms of pneumonia are due mainly to a forceful host response.
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List four major ways that toxins cause damage
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1. help bacteria spread in tissues
2. lyse host cells 3. stop cell growth 4. exaggerate normal physiological mechanisms |
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Three main ways infection causes cell death
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1. direct action of cytolytic toxins
2. activation of cell-killing WBCs 3. induction of programmed cell death |
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immune mechanisms that are always present and available for action
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innate immunity
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humoral immunity
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adaptive immune response leading to the production of circulating antibodies
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cellular immunity
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adaptive immune response when special immune system cells seek out and destroy infected cells
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classical pathway
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the activation of the complement system in the presence of the antigen-antibody complex
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alternative pathway
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the activation of the complement system by the presence of microorganisms alone
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glomerulonephritis
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depostion of antigen-antibody complexes on the membrane of the glomeruli of the kidneys
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an example of cell mediated immunity (CMI), in which the main damage to tissue is caused by the host response
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chronic tuberculosis
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tubercles or granulomas
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pathological changes associated with cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
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What, specifically, is endotoxin?
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The Lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
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