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33 Cards in this Set

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Examples of "congenital infections" that can be passed to the fetus through the placenta.
rubella (german measles), syphilis, HIV, cytomegalovirus
result from encounters with agents in the environment
Exogenously acquired diseases
caused by agents present in or on the body. Colonization does not necessitate infectious disease.
endogenously acquired diseases
organisms in or on the body that are not in the process of causing disease
normal flora
the term entry can be used in two senses:
either the ingress of microorganisms into body cavities that are contiguous with the outside environment or the penetration of microorganisms into deeper tissue after crossing an epithelial barrier
examples of infectious diseases that occur without bacterial penetration through epithelial surfaces
cholera, whooping cough, infections of the urinary bladder
list some protective devices of the respiratory system
anatomical structures (nasal turbinates, oropharynx and larynx), upward-sweeping action of the ciliary epithelium
primary defense of the stomach against infection
acid
surface components of bacteria that allow them to adhere to the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa
adhesins (e.g. hair-like pili [fimbriae] and the surface polysaccharides)
insect bites can lead to the penetration of the following:
viruses (viral encephalitiis, yellow fever), bacteria (plague, typhus), protozoa (malaria, sleeping sickness), or worms (river blindness, elephantiasis).
four main methods of penetration
1. attachment and internalization
2. insect bites
3. cuts and wounds
4. organ transplants and blood transfusions
this infection was usually caused by oral streptococci that invaded the heart valves damaged by a previous disease, usually rheumatic fever
subacute bacterial endocarditis
T/F the transplanted organ is always the source of infection
False. The suppressed immune response necessary for the transplant makes the host more susceptible to endogenous viruses
the number of invading organisms
inoculum
two meanings of the word "spread". Remember, spread can PRECEDE or FOLLOW microbial multiplication in the body.
1. lateral propagation from original site of entry to contiguous tissues
2. dissemination to distant sites
That infected fluids in the interior of the body tend to flow along fascial planes is an example of what principle?
fluid dynamics
examples of extracellular hydrolases used by bacteria to move through the body
protease - breaks up fibrin
hyaluronidase - hydrolyzes the hyaluronic acid of CT
deoxyribonuclease - reduces the viscosity of pus
produces the botulinum toxin that leads to botulism. Leads to intoxication rather than infection.
Clostridium botulinum
the time needed for the infectious agents to overcome early defenses and grow to a certain population size
incubation period
two types of host defense strategies:
complement and phagocytosis
humoral and cellular immunity
defense strategy used by pneumococcus and meningococcus to prevent binding by complement and phagocytosis by leukocytes
extracellular capsules
What causes damage in an infection such as pneumonia caused by pneumococci?
As in many other infections, the symptoms of pneumonia are due mainly to a forceful host response.
List four major ways that toxins cause damage
1. help bacteria spread in tissues
2. lyse host cells
3. stop cell growth
4. exaggerate normal physiological mechanisms
Three main ways infection causes cell death
1. direct action of cytolytic toxins
2. activation of cell-killing WBCs
3. induction of programmed cell death
immune mechanisms that are always present and available for action
innate immunity
humoral immunity
adaptive immune response leading to the production of circulating antibodies
cellular immunity
adaptive immune response when special immune system cells seek out and destroy infected cells
classical pathway
the activation of the complement system in the presence of the antigen-antibody complex
alternative pathway
the activation of the complement system by the presence of microorganisms alone
glomerulonephritis
depostion of antigen-antibody complexes on the membrane of the glomeruli of the kidneys
an example of cell mediated immunity (CMI), in which the main damage to tissue is caused by the host response
chronic tuberculosis
tubercles or granulomas
pathological changes associated with cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
What, specifically, is endotoxin?
The Lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)