Microbiology Cestode

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cause: diphyllobothriasis

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Diphyllobothrium latum is fish tapeworm, in US great lakes

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Epidemiology: diphyllobothriasis

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fish eating mammals as reservoirs, **pickled fish**

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life cycle: diphyllobothriasis

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1) adult worms live in SI of humans, lay eggs pass into feces
2) coracidium larvae hatch after contact with water, ingested by crustaceans (1st host), develop into procercoid larvae
3) infected crustaceans eaten by freshwater fish (2nd host) and plerocercoid larvae develop in fish muscle
4) humans eat raw fish muscle and adult worms are in SI can grow up to 12 meters

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pathogenesis: diphyllobothriasis

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peripheral and spinal nerve degeneration

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Sx: diphyllobothriasis

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vitamin b12 depletion -> pernicious anemia

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Tx: diphyllobothriasis

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niclosamide and Vit B12**

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Dog tapeworm

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Dipylidium caninum/Dipylidiasis

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Epidemiology: Dipylidiasis

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fleas/lice, most infections are in children

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life cycle: Dipylidiasis

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1) adult worms live in SI
2) eggs embryonate into onchospheres in egg balls in soil, ingested by flea larvae and develop into cysticercoid larvae in fleas
3) humans or dogs ingest fleas or lice and cysticercoid larvae develop into adult worms in the SI

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pathogenesis: Dipylidiasis

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adult worms lie attached by spines on the rostellum to the mucosa of the SI

metabolic by-products of the worms interact with the mucosal surface producing bleeding, inflammation, hypersensitivity (immune response controls this)

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Dx: Dipylidiasis

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Gravid proglottids migrate out of anus and are seen or egg packets containing multiple eggs with onchospheres are recovered

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Tx: Dipylidiasis

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Praziquantel

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Cause: Echinococcosis (hyatid's disease)

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granulosus, multiocularis (lethal) and vogeli

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Life cycle: Echinococcosis

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1) adult worms live in the SI of carnivores, eggs out w feces
2) we or herbavores ingest eggs, larvae develop within us
3) onchospheres hatch and penetrate SI to portal circulation and develop into hyatid cysts
4) when carnivores and sheep feeding on herbivores ingest cyst, cysts develop into adult worms in SI

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pathogensis: Echinococcosis

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-uniocular hyatid cysts of E. granuosus develop in organs
-ingestion of E. multiocularis results in alveolar cysts 0% survival
-ingestion of E. vogeli results in polycystic hyatid cysts

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anaphylactic shock

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rupture of Echinococcosis hyatid cysts

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Dx: Echinococcus

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hyatid cysts on CAT scans

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Tx: Echinococcus

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Albendazole and surgery

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Cause: Hymenolepiasis

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Diminuta and Nana

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most common tapeworm infection

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Hymenolepiasis

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Life cycle: Hymenolepiasis

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1) Live in SI of humans
2) embryonated eggs pass out with feces and are ingested by beetle or flea larvae
3) nana no intermediate/diminuta req fleas or beetles to develop
4) ingestion then onchospheres hatch and develop into cysticercoid larvae in insects
5) humans ingest insects and cysticercoid larvae develop into adult tapeworms in the SI but for nana, no insects, just eat eggs straight

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Pathogenesis: Hymenolepsis

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cysticercoid larvae of nana produce damage by invading mucosa of SI

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Cause: Taeniasis

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solium is pork tapeworm, Taeniarhynchus is beef tapeworm

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Tx: Hymenolepiasis

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Praziquantel

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Epidemiology: Taeniasis

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undercooked pork or beef

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Life cycle: Taeniasis

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1) adult tapeworms of solium and saginatus live in the SI of humans where eggs release
2) Onchospheres hatch when eggs are ingested by humans, cattle or swine and develop into cysticercus cellulosase larvae
3) human ingest infected beef or pork and cysticercus larvae results in adult tapeworms in SI

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pathogenesis: Taeniasis

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cysticercus larvae of Taenia solium displace tissue and provoke a cellular inflammatory reaction with caseation and calcification in the infected tissue which lasts forever

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symptoms: Taeniasis

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wherever larvae is determines what symptoms are

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Dx: Taeniasis

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eggs with hexacanth embryos and radially striated shells are recovered in feces

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Tx:Taeniasis

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Cystiercus cellulosae (larvae) treated with praziquantel

Taenias saginatus and solium with niclosamide

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Taeniasis is found commonly in?

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Mexico