Microbiology Block 2 Enterobacteriaceae

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Enterobacteriaceae general characteristics

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Gram-negative bacilli, non-sporeforming, ferment glucose, cytochrome oxidase negative, catalase postiive, reduce nitrates to nitrites

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opportunistic pathogen

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normal flora but wrong location (Ex. E. coli, Klebsiella)

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frank pathogens

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presence in any amount is considered indicative of disease (Salmonella, Shigella)

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antigens O, H, and K mean

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somatic cell wall antigen, flagellar antigen, capsular antigen respectively

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serotyping

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identification based on surface antigens

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coliforms

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property of fermenting lactose. (in high counts of water contamination)

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Triple Sugar Iron test

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tests carbohydrate fermentation, sulfide production

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Sulfide Indole motility test

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tests fulfide production, indole production, motility

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Lysine Iron agar

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tests lysine metobolism, sulfide production, carbohydrates

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Heat-labile centerotoxin

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similar to cholera toxin, increases cAMP

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Heat-stabile enterotoxin

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increases cGMP wich increases fluid secretion and inhibits absorption

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Shiga toxin

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neurotoxic, enterotoxic, cytoxic, inhibits 60s ribosome

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hemolysins

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causes lysis of blood cells, iron released captured by siderophores

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P - fimbriae

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bind to epithelial cells

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S fimbriae

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neonatal sepsis and meningitis that colonize in CNS

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E. Coli general characteristics

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facultative anaerobe, ferment lactose and produce indol, normal flora of GI

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Extra-intestinal infections casued by E. coli

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Urinary tract infection - most common cause of cytitis, adhesion to bladder
Septicemia - endotoxin shock
Neonatal meningitis - strain possesses unique K capsular antgen

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Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

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shigella-like, destroy colonic epithelium, intracellular parasites following endocytosis

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enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

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makes heat-stable and heat labile toxic, traveler
s diarrhead caused by cMP changes leading to decreased NaCl absorption, NO FEVER, attaches to small intestine by frimbriae

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enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

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"fast food hamburers", bloody diarrhea, shiga-like, Hemolytic uremic syndrom complicaston with children, serotyping espeically useful O157:H7, located in colon

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enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

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major cause nersury outbreaks, adhere with no fimbriae, alters cell strucure (actin), infection in small intestine

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enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)

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prolonged watery diarrhea developing countries, aggregates

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General characteristics of Shigella

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cause of bacillary dysentery,non-motile, do not produce gas during fermentation, do not p enetrate submucosa so not located in blood

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Dysentery

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is a disorder of the digestive system that results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and blood in the feces, also symptoms of cramps and fever

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Treatment of dysentery

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antimicrobial therapy is only given to young children or debiliated adults

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species of Shigella

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dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei

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General Characteristics of Salmonella

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motile, do not ferment lactose or sucrose, produce abundance H2S

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species of Salmonella

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typhi, choleraesuis, enteritidis

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infection caused by Salmonella typhi

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typhoid fever - orginally have malaise, anorexia, and headache, then have fever. spreads thought body and through intestinal lymphatics. organism will be found in blood during first week, can survive inside phagocytic mononuclear cells

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infection caused by Salmonella choleraesuis

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septicemia - high intemritant fever with suppurative focal lesions

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infection caused by Salmonellla enteritidis

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gastroenteritis - get bacteria with infected food, initial symptoms are headache, chills, abdominal pain followed by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea with fever. antibiotics are not used as treatment bcasue thought to prolong the carrier state

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treatment for typhoid fever adn speticemia

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chloraphenicol, with ampicillin, and trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole as alternatives

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General characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae

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nonmotile, encapsulated (which is its virulence factor), lactose fermener, mucoid appearance

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infection due to Kelbsiella pneumoniae

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second leading cause of urinary tract infection and acute pneumonia in young adults

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Yersinia pestis

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causative agent of bubonic plague

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Yersinia pseudoteruberculosis

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causes pseduo appendicitis which is characterized by lesions ranging from local necrosis to granulomatous inflammation in lympht nodes. self-limiting

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Yersinia enterocolitica

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produces enterocolitis (inflammationof both small intestine and large intestine mucosa), is self limiting

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Enterobacter

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motile, produeces Kelbsiella-like colonies but lessmucoid, less virulent found in mixed infections

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Serratia

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produce red colonies, opportunistic infections, nosocomial

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Citrobacter

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opportunistic presnet normal flora, similar to Salmonella but not a frak pathoen adn does not cause entercolitis or enteric fever

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Proteus, Morganella, Providencia

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opportunistic and found asnormalintestinal flora. Proteus is a common cause of UTI in elderly men

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Antimicrobial Enterobacteriaceae are resistant to

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penicillin G adn erythromycin

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Treatment of Enterobacteriaceaue

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broader spectrum beta-lactams, tetracyclin, polypetide antibiotics

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therapy for Salmonella gastrocenteritis

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fluid and electrolyte replacement and control for nausea because antibiotics increase the duration of teh infection by establishing a carrier state