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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are gentamicin, neomycin, amikacin, tobramycin, streptomycin?
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Aminoglycosides
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What is the clinical use of aminoglycosides?
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Severe gram-negative rod infections; synergistic with beta-lactam antibodies; use neomycin for bowel surgery
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What is the mechanism of aminoglycosides?
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30S inhibitors; bactericidal; inhibit formation of initiation complex and cause misreading of mRNA; requires O2 for uptake - therefore ineffective against anaerobes
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What is the toxicity of aminoglycosides?
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NOT: Nephrotoxicity (esp with cephalosporins); Ototoxicity (esp with loop diuretics); Teratogen
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What are tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline?
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Tetracyclines
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What is the clinical use of tetracyclines?
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VACUUM THe BedRoom: Vibrio cholerae, Acne, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma, Urealyticum, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Tularemia, H. pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia
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What is the mechanism of tetracyclines?
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30S inhibitors; bacteriostatic; prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA; limited CNS penetration; Doxycycline can be used in patients with renal failure because its fecal eliminated; must not take milk, antacids, or iron-containing preparations because can inhibit absorption in gut
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What is the toxicity of tetracyclines?
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GI distress, discoloration of teeth and inhibition of bone growth in children, photosensitivity; Pregnancy contraindicated
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What are erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin?
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Macrolides
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What is the clinical use macrolides?
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URIs, pneumonias, STDs - gram-positive cocci (streptococcal infections in patients allergic to penicillin), Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia, Neisseria
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What is the mechanism of macrolides?
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50S inhibitors; bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation; binds to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit
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What is the toxicity of macrolides?
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GI discomfort, acute cholestatic hepatitis, eosinophilia, skin rashes, increases serum concentration of theophyllines, oral anticoagulants
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What is the clinical use of chloramphenicol?
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Meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae); conservative use owing to toxicities
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What is the mechanism of chlorampenicol?
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50S inhibitor; bacteriostatic; inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase activity
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What is the toxicity of chlorampenicol?
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Anemia (dose dependent); aplastic anemia (dose independent); gray baby syndrome (in premature infants b/c they lack liver UDP-glucuronyl transferase)
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What is the clinical use of clindamycin?
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Treat anaerobic infections above diaphragm (eg: Bacteroides fragilis, Clostrium perfringes)
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What is the mechanism clindamycin?
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50S inhibitor; bacteriostatic; blocks peptide bond formation at 50S ribosomal subunit
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What is the toxicity of clindamycin?
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Pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile overgrowth), fever, diarrhea
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What are sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfisoxazole, triple sulfas, sulfadiazine?
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Sulfonamides
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