Microbiology

Front 1

Microbiology

Back 1

Study of microorganisms

Front 2

Microorganism

Back 2

Organism so small you need a microscope

Front 3

Why study Microbiology?

Back 3

-Ubiquity
-Pathogens
-Benefits
-Fuel Cells

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Benefits in our Industry

Back 4

-antibiotics
-food (cheese, bread, beer)

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Fuel Cells

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Use microorganisms for fuel (majority of microorganisms do not cause disease)

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Types of Microorganisms

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-Protozoa
-Helminths
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Prions
-Fungi
-Algae

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Protozoa

Back 7

Large single celled microbes w/a nucleus (ex. giardia-diarrhea)

Front 8

Helminths

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Parasitic worms (ex. tape worms/flees)

Front 9

Bacteria

Back 9

Single celled non-nucleated microbe

Front 10

Carty's favorite bacteria?

Back 10

pseudomonas

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Viruses

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Acellular entities that requires a host for replication

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Prions

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Infectious proteins
*not a cell!
(ex. mad cow disease-bse)

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Fungi

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multicellular nucleated microbes that have branching filaments (ex. dermatophy- nail infection)

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Algae

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Photosynthetic large cells that rarely cause human disease

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Names od Cellular Organisms are done how? (NOT VIRUSES!)

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genus + Species

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Is the genus or the species always capitalized? Which on is Italiscized and or Underlined?

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Genus

BOTH

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 17

Plaque

Created First Microscope

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Theories of where Microbes come from?

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-Gods/ Spirits
-Spontaneous Generation: microbes could arise from anywhere

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Francesco Redi

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Disproved spontaneous generation:

Jar with meat

*maggots not arising spontaneously

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Louis Pasteur

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-pasteurization
-sman neck flask experiment
*If flask is tipped, then microorganisms are going to travel b/c broth is touching everything
*there needs to be contact for anything to grow

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Germ Theory of Disease

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-disease can be caused by microbes (germs)
-microorganisms can be spread from one to another and transmit disease

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Robert Koch

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-identified bacterium that causes anthrax :bacillus anthracis
-developed methods to isolate a pure culture
-postulates:identify causation agent of a specific disease

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What are Robert Koch's Postulates?

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1. microbe must be present in every case or disease
2. Microbe must be and grown in pure culture
3. When the microbe is introduced into a susceptible host, the disease must be reproduced
4. microbe must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host

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What are the problems with the postulates?

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-hard to isolate virus
-some ppl are immune
-some microorganisms have not been able to grow
-some microorganisms only infect humans

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Angelina Hesse

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Suggested to Robert Koch: add agar to his media to solidify
-development of AGAR PLATE and STREAKING of bacteria to isolate pure colonies

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Alexander Flemming

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-penicillin

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Pioneers of Microbiology

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-Anton van L
-Francesco Redi
-Louis Pasteur
-Robert Koch
-Angelina Hesse
-Alexander Flemming
-Ignaz Semmelweis
-Joseph Lister

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Ignaz Semmelweis

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*handwashing stnadards (women we're dying when they gave birth)

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Joseph Lister

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Carbolic Acid--sterilize surgical equipment/bandages

came up with aceptic techniques

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Kary Mullis

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PCR polymerase chain reaction (patented)

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Robert Gallo/ Luc Montagnier

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HIV does not kill, it's secondary infection

HIV discovered-joint credit!

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Craig Ventur

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Human Genome Project

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Stanley Falkow

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- able to come up with tecniques to find what the organism has that causes the disease

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Stanley Prusioner

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-discovered prions (mad cow disease)

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JW Costerton

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-Bio film guru

-Bacteria wants to attach to something

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Biofilm

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mewans it is a microbial city (community)-this is how they like to live

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Bonnie Bassler

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discovered autoinducer (AI2)- 2 which is the universal communication molecule amongst bacteria (cells in body communicate through hormones)

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Steve Diggle

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Social evolution theory in microbes-bacteria have evolved that a certain percentage will be cheaters/slackers

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Are cheaters or slackers used to fight off infection?

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Cheaters

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Highlights of Microbiology

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1915- phage, or bacterial viruses discovered

1928-Fleming discovers penicillin, the first antibiotic

1977- genetically engineered bacteria used to synthesize human growth protein

1989-microorganisms used to clean EXXON valdez oil spill (pseudomona used)

2001-sequence of human genome published

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Chemical Reactions (2)

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Catabolic

Anabolic

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Catabolic

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breakdown of compounds and the release of energy

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Anabolic

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the building of compounds :requires energy (from catabolic reaction)