Microbiology

Front 1

Inventor of simple microspcopes, new
microscope for each specimen, called protozoa "animalcules"

Back 1

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Front 2

Developed taxonomic system for naming plants

Back 2

Carolus Linnaeus

Front 3

Science of naming and classifying organisms

Back 3

taxonomy

Front 4

Name the six categories of the taxonomic system that Leeuwenhoek's microorganisms were placed in

Back 4

Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Bacteria
Archaea
Small animals

Front 5

Molds and yeast are part of the ___________ category

Back 5

Fungi

Front 6

early primitive/ simple animals are part of the _________ category

Back 6

Protozoa

Front 7

Single cell, photosynthetic microorganisms are part of the ______________ category

Back 7

Algae

Front 8

Prokaryotic microorganisms are part of the ______________ and __________________ category

Back 8

Bacteria and Archaea

Front 9

Worms and parasites are microorganisms in the _______________ category

Back 9

small animals

Front 10

A eukaryotic microorganism has a membrane bound ____________.

Back 10

nucleus

Front 11

_______________- are single celled eukaryotes

Back 11

Protozoa

Front 12

Protozoa are similar to ______________ in their nutritional needs and cellular structure

Back 12

animals

Front 13

Protozoa freely live in ____________ and some slive inside _________________-- hosts

Back 13

water; animal

Front 14

The cell extensions on protozoa that are similar to a "puddle" and flow in the direction of travel are

Back 14

psuedopodia

Front 15

Numerous short, hairlike protrusions that propel organisms through the environment are

Back 15

cilia

Front 16

Extensions of a cells that are fewer, longer, and whiplike than cilia are called

Back 16

flagella

Front 17

flagella are found on the male _________ cell

Back 17

sperm

Front 18

Algae can be ____ -cellular or _______-cellular

Back 18

uni or multi

Front 19

Algae is a photosynthetic microorganism which makes its own _________

Back 19

food

Front 20

Algae have simple ____________ structures

Back 20

reproductive

Front 21

Algae are categorized on the basis of pigmentation, storage products, and composition of _____________ ________

Back 21

cell wall

Front 22

Algae are categorized on the basis of ____________, storage products, and composition of the cell wall

Back 22

pigmentation

Front 23

Agar is

Back 23

a carbohydrate, a basis for media and derived from algae

Front 24

Diatoms are

Back 24

examples of algae.

Front 25

Diatomatous earth comes from

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diatoms/algae - ground into powder, sprinkled in chicken coop

Front 26

Bacteria and archaea are unicellular and lack

Back 26

nuclei

Front 27

bacteria and archaea are __________ and lack nuclei

Back 27

unicellular

Front 28

Capable of living in glaciers, hot springs, extremely hot/cold temps, salty, dry, etc. conditions

Back 28

bacteria and archaea

Front 29

Bacteria and archaea reproduce

Back 29

asexually

Front 30

Binary fission is an example of the asexual reproduction of

Back 30

bacteria and archaea

Front 31

The cell walls of bacteria contain _________________________

Back 31

peptidoglycan

Front 32

Most _______________ do not cause disease and are beneficial

Back 32

bacteria

Front 33

The cell walls are composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan

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Archaea

Front 34

Bacteria and archaea are divided into categories by cell walls that contain or do not contain

Back 34

peptidoglycan

Front 35

Bacteria and archaea are ___-karyotes

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prokaryotes

Front 36

________________ have no cell whatsoever. These are just a piece of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein

Back 36

Viruses

Front 37

These are also known as a macromolecule

Back 37

Virus

Front 38

______________ are capable of infecting and destroying

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Viruses

Front 39

A ___________________-phage literally eat their way through a lawn of bacteria

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bacterio-phage

Front 40

Scientists searched for answers to four questions in the ______ Age of Microbiology.

Back 40

Golden

Front 41

In the Golden Age of Microbiology scientists believes that "life coming out of nothing" also called _______________ was possible

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Spontaneous generation

Front 42

Scientists in the Golden Age of Microbiology asked what caused __________________- and ________________

Back 42

fermentation and disease

Front 43

fermentation is

Back 43

a chemical reaction that produces acid, gas (and if alcohol-- ethanol)

Front 44

In the Golden Age of Microbiology scientists asked how we can prevent ______________ and _______________.

Back 44

infection and disease

Front 45

Some philosophers and scientists in the past thought that living things arose from three processes which are:

Back 45

1- asexual reproduction
2- sexual reproduction
3- from non-living matter

Front 46

The scientist _____________ proposed spontaneous generation, that living things can arise from non-living matter

Back 46

Aristotle

Front 47

Redi most notable experiment with flasks of meat, sealed and unsealed and covered with gauze to disproved

Back 47

spontaneous generation

Front 48

People believed that microbes could arise spontaneously and _____________________ experiments with beef gravy and infusions of plant material reinforced this idea

Back 48

Needham's

Front 49

Scientists did not believe that animals could arise spontaneously, but did believe that _______________- microbes could

Back 49

microbes

Front 50

______________________ experiments concluded that _______________ experiments failed to heat vials sufficiently.

Back 50

Spallanzani's ; Needhams

Front 51

Spallanzani's experiments concluded that microorganisms exist in __________ and contaminate experiments

Back 51

air

Front 52

Spallanzani's experiments concluded that _____________________ __________________ of microorganisms doe snot occur

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spontaneous generation

Front 53

___________________ developed a technique for heating and cooling substances

Back 53

Louis Pasteur

Front 54

Pasteurization is a technique for :

Back 54

heating and cooling substances

Front 55

Four parts to the scientific method

Back 55

1-observations lead to questions
2 - generates hypothesis (to give potential answer to question)
3- tests hypothesis with experiments
4- results of experiment either accepted, rejected, or modified hypothesis (ex: flashlight not working)

Front 56

_______________ is credited with finding why wine was being spoiled

Back 56

Louis Pasteur

Front 57

Louis Pasteur's experiments on pasteurization involved the use of flasks in a number of positions in the scientific method shown in the following 4 steps

Back 57

1-
2-
3-
4-

Front 58

Buchner's experiments on _______________ Fermention

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1-

Front 59

Pasteur developed the _____________ theory of ____________.

Back 59

germ; disease

Front 60

Robert Koch studied the causative agents of disease and one in particular called

Back 60

anthrax

Front 61

_______________________-- came up with a variety of techniques to examine colonies of microorganisms

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Robert Koch

Front 62

Lab Advances by Koch included simple _________ techniques

Back 62

staining

Front 63

Koch is credited with the first _______________________ of bacteria

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photomicrograph

Front 64

CFU/ml means

Back 64

colony forming unit per mililiter

Front 65

_______ is credited with techniques for estimating CFU/ml

Back 65

Koch

Front 66

______ is credited for using steam to sterilize media

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Koch

Front 67

The use of petri dishes, aseptic techniques, and distinguishing bacteria as distict species is credited to

Back 67

Robert Koch

Front 68

Bacteria metabolize the nutrients in the medium which divides exponentially until a little lump is seen. This is called

Back 68

colony forming unit/ml

Front 69

Koch's Postulates were utilized in order to prove the __________________ or underlying cause of disease

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etiology

Front 70

Koch's Postulates stated the following 4 requirements

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1- suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
2-Agent must be isolated and gown outsiden the host
3- when agent is introduced in healthy, suspectible host, the host must get the disease (ethical?)
4- same agent must be reisolated from diseased experimental host

Front 71

Credited for handwashing

Back 71

Semmelweis

Front 72

Credited for antiseptic technique and experiments with chemicals

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Joseph Lister

Front 73

nursing

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Nightingale

Front 74

Credited for infection control and epidemiology

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John Snow

Front 75

Credited in the field of immunology

Back 75

Jenner

Front 76

Credited with "magic bullets" in the field of chemotherapy

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Ehrlich

Front 77

Biochemistry such as "production of toxins" answers the Modern Age of Microbiolgy question--

Back 77

What are the basic chemical reactions of life?

Front 78

The following modern ________- tell us how genes work

Back 78

1- Microbial genetics
2- molecular biology
3- recombinant DNA technology
4- gene therapy

Front 79

Environmental biology helps us to answer the question<

Back 79

What role so microorganisms play in the environment?

Front 80

Serology, immunology, and chemotherapy all help us answer "How do we defend against ______________/"

Back 80

disease

Front 81

Biochemistry began with Pasteur's work on ________ and Buchner's discovery of enzymes in _____________ extract

Back 81

fermentation; yeast

Front 82

Biochemistry includes experiments by Klyver and van Neil where microbers are used as _______________ systems for biochemical reactions

Back 82

model

Front 83

Practical applications of biochemistry include:

Back 83

1- design of herbicides and pesticides
2- diagnosis of illnesses and monitoring of patient's responses to treatment
3-Treatment of metabolic diseases
4- drug design

Front 84

Microbial genetics helps us to learn about the physiology of microbes that won't grow in a __________ ______

Back 84

Petri dish

Front 85

Avery, McCLoud, and McCarty determined that genes are contained in molecules of ______

Back 85

DNA

Front 86

Beadle and Tatum established that a gene's activity is related to ____________ ________

Back 86

protein function

Front 87

The study of cancer is a good example of how cells control _________ ___________

Back 87

genetic expression

Front 88

When the mechanisms that control at what rate your cells divide are out of whack, this is an example of rates and mechanisms of

Back 88

genetic mutation

Front 89

Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic called

Back 89

penicillin

Front 90

Domagk discovered

Back 90

sulfa drugs

Front 91

How organisms relate to each other is a study of _____________ biology

Back 91

molecular

Front 92

Recombinant DNA Technology is applied when ______ in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications.

Back 92

genes

Front 93

The production of human blood-clotting factor by E.coli to aid hemophiliacs is a form of :

Back 93

recombinant DNA Technology

Front 94

________ _______ is where you insert a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells

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Gene therapy

Front 95

Viruses can come in handy because they can deliver genes into __________.

Back 95

genes

Front 96

_______________ is the study of the body's defense against specific pathogens

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Immunology

Front 97

__________- is the study of blood serum

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Serology

Front 98

Von Behring and Kitasato were credited with identifying the existence of _____________ and cells in the ____________ that fight infection

Back 98

chemicals; blood

Front 99

_____________ ___________ involves the recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur

Back 99

Environmental biology

Front 100

Bioremediation is the use of living ______, ______, and __________ to detoxify polluted environments

Back 100

bacteria, fungi, and algae

Front 101

The four processes of life are:

Back 101

1- Growth
2- Reproduction
3- Responsiveness
4- Metabolism

Front 102

The basic funtional unit of life are

Back 102

cells

Front 103

Every cell metabolizes ___________.

Back 103

nutrients

Front 104

Prokaryotes do not have membrane surrounding their DNA and they have no ______.

Back 104

nucleus

Front 105

_____________ lack various internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes, such as ER and golgi apparatus.

Back 105

Prokaryotes

Front 106

Prokaryotes are ______; approximately 1.0 _______ in diameter.

Back 106

small; micrometer

Front 107

Prokaryotes have a simple/complex structure.

Back 107

simple

Front 108

Bacteria and archaea are

Back 108

prokaryotes

Front 109

These have no paired chromosomes

Back 109

Prokaryotes

Front 110

Eukaryotes have a membrane surrounding ______; and they have a _______.

Back 110

DNA; nucleus

Front 111

Eukaryotes have internal membrane-bound ____________.

Back 111

organelles

Front 112

Eukaryotes have a more complex

Back 112

structure

Front 113

Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants are all

Back 113

eukaryotes

Front 114

Everything other than bacteria and archaea are

Back 114

eukaryotes

Front 115

______________ stain darker under the microscope, they are usually packets of lipids, proteins, etc.

Back 115

Inclusions

Front 116

Some, but not all bacteria have _____________, a whip-like tail

Back 116

flagella

Front 117

Prokaryotes have a _________ where DNA happens to be clumped together and looks like a big clump of spaghetti

Back 117

nucleoid

Front 118

Eukaryotes have a _________ envelope

Back 118

nuclear

Front 119

The ribosomes of the eukaryote is bound to the

Back 119

ER

Front 120

The arms and legs of prokaryotice cells are called

Back 120

fimbrae and pili

Front 121

Flagella and glycocalyces are external structures of

Back 121

prokaryotic cells

Front 122

A gelatinous sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell is called a

Back 122

glycocalyx (singular)

Front 123

The _________________ in a glycocalyx makes it sticky which helps to hold a colony together

Back 123

polysaccarides

Front 124

______________ are comprised of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both

Back 124

glycocalyces

Front 125

There are two types of glycocalyces:

Back 125

capsule
slime layer

Front 126

The glycocalyces capsule is more firm and more cohesive than the slime layer and is composed of organized repeating units of :

Back 126

organic chemicals

Front 127

The capsule glycocalyx is firmly attached to the _______ surface

Back 127

cell

Front 128

The main function of the capsule glycocalyx is to prevent cells from _________ _________.

Back 128

drying out

Front 129

The ________________- ______________ may prevent bacteria from being recognized and destroyed bythe host

Back 129

Glycocalyx capsule

Front 130

It is difficult for a macrophase to get around them and engulf them because the ___________ _______ are slippery.

Back 130

glycocalyx capsule

Front 131

The glycocalyx _______________ is loosely attached to the cell surface

Back 131

slime layer

Front 132

The glycocalyx ___________ is water soluble

Back 132

slime layer