Microbiology

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What is metabolism?

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Metabolism is the sum total of all the chemical reactions used by living cells. (catalyzed by enzymes)

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Catabolism

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degradation of chemical compounds via oxidation, which yields energy and reducing power (both "from" electrons)

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Anabolism

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Biosynthesis of chemical compounds used by cells for metabolism and or growth: generally uses both energy and reducing power.

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Organotroph

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chemotrophic organism that obtains both its energy and its carbon from organic compounds.

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Autotroph

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organism that does not depend upon other organisms for either energy or carbon (for which it uses CO2)

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Phototroph

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organism which obtains its energy from light.

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Lithotroph

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organism which obtains its energy from inorganic compounds

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Redox reactions

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reduction and oxidation always occur toghether and are at the core of metabolic reactions.

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Oxidation

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removal of electrons from the reducing agent (reductant) which acts as an electron donor during a redox reaction and is oxidized as a result.

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Reduction

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addition of electrons to the oxidizing agent (oxidant) which acts as an electron acceptor during a redox reaction and is reduced as a result.

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Organotrophy pertains to what type of organisms?

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All pathogens are organotrophs!

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Glycolysis

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Hexoses are broken down to 3 carbon intermediates which are then oxidized to yield pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NAH along the way.

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If O2 is available during glycolysis then what can occur?

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Aerobic Respiration via TCA cycle and the ETS. O2 is the final electron acceptor in the system.

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If NO oxygen is available during glycolysis what occurs?

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1 of 2 things can occur:
Fermentation (both organic molecules and cytochrome ETS is not used)
Anaerobic respiration ( involves TCA & ETS but uses a molecule other than O2 as the final electron acceptor, like nitrate.)

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TCA Cycle

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1.Generates NADH and FADH2 form oxidation of acetate by oxidizing it to CO2.
2.Generates interedites that are used as building blocks for biosynthesis of cellular macromolecules.

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ETS fosters ATP generation by...(first step)

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1.Generating a proton gradient by pumping protons across a membrane while transporting electrons erived form oxidation of substrate to a terminal electron.

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In the ETS ATP is generated from...
(the second step)

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ADP and Pi by ATP synTHASE (36 ATP from on e glucose molecule as a result of TCA activity)

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Lithotrophy cycle

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energy from INorganic compounds to generate ATP and NAD(P)H (reducer) then use them to reduce carbon dioxide to form organic compounds.

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Phototrophy cycle

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Utilizes photosynthesis to capture light energy to generate ATP and NAD(P) H then use them to reduce carbon dioxide so they can form organic compounds.

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If the organic compounds are NOT available in the environment what is used?

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(Anabolism) organic compounds MUST be synthesized by the cell.

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Carbohydrates #1
(glucose and other hexoses for various polysaccharides)

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1. Hexoses are synthesized via gluconeogenesis.
After conversion of oxalacetate to form phosphoenolpyruvate hexoses can be synthesized by reversing glycolysis.
After glucose is coupled w/ UDP it can be used to synthesize structural or storage polysaccharides.

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Carbohydrates #2
Pentoses are synthesized via the pentose phosphate shunt

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2. Hexose is cleaved to form pentose plus carbon dioxide. (aka: ribulose-5-phosphate)
ribulose-5-phosphate is converted to ribose which can be oxidized to form deoxyribose used for synthesis of nucleotides and vitamins like NAD.

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Amino Acids (for proteins.. also used to generate purines for nucleic acids)
2 major Aspects of synthetic reactions:

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1. synthesis of carbon skeleton from metabolic intermediates
2. attachment of an amino group

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Synthesis of AA from metabolic intermediates generated by:

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Glycolysis and TCA Cycle

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Metabolic intermediates generated by GLYCOLYSIS:

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1. Pyruvate (precursor to Valine & Leucine)
2. 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (precursor to serine & glycine)
3. Phosphenolpyruvate (precursor to AAs tryptophan and tyrosine)

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Metabolic intermediates generated by TCA cycle:

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1. Alpha-ketoglutarate (precursor to glutamine, proline and arginine)
2. Oxalacetate (precursor to asparagine, lysine methionine, threonine and isoleucine)

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Purines and pyrimidines
(RNA, DNA, ATP, NAD)

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Purines (A & G) are synthesized by complex reactions in which components are donated by AA and from folic acid.
Pyrimidines (C, T & U) are synthesized from Aspartate, carbondioxide and ammonia.

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Lipids
(fatty acids and glycerol)

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FA are generated by FA synthetase from successive addition of acetate groups donated by acetyl-CoA. (From Pyruvate in glycolysis)
Glycerol derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (in glycolysis) and is subsequently esterified by FA to form MONO, DI or TRI glycerides.